60 Feeds and Feeding. 



oxygen required for their complete combustion into carbonic acid 

 and water. 



85. Effect of water on fat consumption. Excessive water 

 drinking and the feeding of very wet foods have a deleterious 

 effect on the formation of fat. Any conditions which cause an 

 excessive consumption of water must of course be avoided with 

 fattening animals. Abnormally large quantities of water tax the 

 system unnecessarily and retard the formation of flesh and fat. 

 A high stable temperature is to be avoided, as it increases the 

 amount of water drank and induces greater perspiration. Ani- 

 mals worry and lose their appetites under such conditions. Too 

 low a temperature, on the other hand, is objectionable, since 

 increased oxidation is then necessary to maintain the body 

 heat. 



86. Size of the body. A small animal has a relatively larger 

 body surface, and therefore loses more heat through radiation, 

 than a large-sized animal. According to Henneberg, l more than 

 nine-tenths of all the heat produced by the animal goes to supply 

 the loss sustained by radiation and to evaporation of water in 

 perspiration. Of the heat lost, 26.7 per cent, is through perspira- 

 tion and 65. 1 per cent, is by radiation. For the same classes of 

 animals the radiation of heat stands in the ratio of relative body 

 surface. The body surface of animals of different classes, how- 

 ever, does not alone determine the quantity of nutrients needed 

 for the preservation of the animal. According to maintenance 

 experiments, an ox will need about .6 grams of protein and 7.4 

 grams of non-nitrogenous substances for every kilogram of body 

 weight, while a full-grown sheep will need 1.2 grams of protein 

 .and 10.5 grams of non- nitrogenous substances per kilogram of 

 body weight. 2 



87. Muscular exertion. Muscular exertion of any kind in- 

 creases the oxidation processes going on in the body of animals; 

 vigorous exercise must therefore be avoided in the case of fat- 

 tening stock and milch cows. While this applies to external 

 movements, it also holds good so far as the internal organs are 



1 Neue Beitrage, 1871, p. 227; Armsby, Manual, p. 231. 



2 Wolff, Fiitterungslehre, 1888, p. 54. 



