Feeding Tables and Standards. Ill 



average analyses in calculating rations with the exactness pre- 

 scribed by Wolff may lead to very unsatisfactory results. 



142. The Wolif-Lehmann standard. Wolff's feeding standards 

 ' were given annually in the Mentzel-Lengerke Agricultural Cal- 

 endar from 1864 to 1896. The calendar for 1897 was prepared by 

 Dr. C. Lehmann of the Berlin Agricultural College. This table 

 is changed from Wolff's in several particulars. "Dry matter" 

 takes the place of " organic matter 77 in Wolff's table. A 

 double column not used by Wolff is headed "Sum of nutrients." 

 In the first of these columns all of the digestible crude fiber is 

 included with the other nutrients. In the second column only 

 one-half of the crude fiber found digestible is included. Leh- 

 mann recognizes the varying wants of dairy cows by classifying 

 them in four divisions according to the milk they yield, the 

 heaviest milkers receiving the most nutrients. 



While Wolff's tables have heretofore been universally used 

 in this country, it seems proper to adopt the modifications of 

 Lehmann. 



143. Introduction of standards in America. Feeding standards 

 were first brought to the attention of Americans by Atwater 1 in 

 1874, and the efforts of this teacher and investigator have fortu- 

 nately been continued in the same line to the present time, greatly 

 to the advancement of scientific agriculture in this country. 

 Armsby's Manual of Cattle Feeding, based on Wolff's book 2 on 

 the same subject, appeared in 1880 and marked an era in the 

 educational development of this topic. From these sources the 

 students in our agricultural colleges, writers and lecturers have 

 come to know of feeding standards, and through them, thousands 

 of feeders have learned to calculate rations for farm animals. 



IV. The Several Feeding Standards. 



144. The maintenance ration for the ox. In 1879 Sanborn, 3 of 

 the New Hampshire Agricultural College, reported that the steer 

 could be maintained on a smaller amount of hay than called for 

 by Wolff's standard. Subsequent experiments by this investi- 



1 Rept. Me. State Bd. Agr., 1874; Kept. Secy. Conn. Bd. Agr., 1874-5. 



2 Futterungslehre, 1st ed., 1874; 6th ed., 1895. 



* Kept. N. H. Bd. Agr., 1879. See also subsequent reports. 



