VARIOUS FACTORY BY-PRODUCTS 183 



condition of the feed market and the integrity of the manufacturer. 

 Ground oat hulls have frequently in the past been used as adulter- 

 ants for ground corn and oats, or oat feeds (p. 168) . Unless they are 

 present in excessive quantities, the true quality of these feeds can be 

 determined only by chemical analysis, and it is not safe, therefore, 

 to buy such feeds except on a guarantee, and of reputable feed 

 dealers or manufacturers. 



Oat clippings are mainly the upper ends of the oat kernel that 

 have been cut off by clipping machines, in order to increase the bushel 

 weight of the oats and save storage room, especially for the export 

 trade. The clippings are of about similar composition and feeding 

 value as oat dust. 



Barley Feed. In the manufacture of pearl barley or barley 

 flour only one bj^-product is obtained, which is sold under the name 

 of barley feed or meal. It resembles wheat bran closely in com- 

 position, except that it contains a somewhat higher percentage of 

 nitrogen-free extract and less fiber. The two feeds may, in general, 

 be considered of similar feeding value. 



Rye Feeds. Rye is used in this country mainly in the manu- 

 facture of spirits and for feeding livestock; the manufacture of 

 rye flour is a relatively unimportant industry. The refuse from 

 rye mills is sold either as rye feed or as two separate feeds, rye bran 

 and rye middlings. The process of manufacture is similar to that 

 of the wheat feeds. Rye feed contains, on the average, about 15.5 

 per cent protein, 0.3 per cent fat, and 5 per cent fiber. It is, 

 therefore, considerably lower in fiber and in fat than wheat bran, 

 but otherwise quite similar in composition to this feed. It is often 

 sold at a lower price than wheat bran, and is then an economical 

 feed, well worthy of a trial for feeding dairy cows or pigs. It should 

 be fed in moderate amounts to pigs, as it will otherwise produce a 

 soft work of inferior quality. In Germany rye feed is considered a 

 more valuable feeding stuff than wheat bran, as it is believed to 

 be more easily digested and more nutritious. 3 This may be due to 

 the fact that rye and rye feed contain a large amount of diastase, 

 which is found in only small amounts in wheat bran. There are 

 also marked differences in the protein substances of the two cereals, 

 the most important one being that rye contains no glutenin, which, 

 with gliadin, forms the main protein substance of wheat. 



Buckwheat Feeds. Buckwheat flour mills supply the feed 

 market with three or four by-products, viz., buckwheat hulls, bran, 

 middlings, and feed. Buckwheat hulls are the coarse, black cover- 



3 Pott, "Landw. Futtermittel," 3, ii, p. 164. 



