Key to the Orders of North American Birds 



WITH 3 TOES. 



TUBINARES Albatrosses. 



With 3 toes in front and tubular nostril*. 



PYGOPODES Auks. 



With 3 toes in front, nostrils not tubular, toes fully webbed, wings 

 and tail short, and legs placed far behind the middle of body. 



LONGIPENNBS Gulls. 



With 3 toes in front, nostrils not tubular, toes fully webbed, wings 

 and tail long, and legs placed near the middle of body. 



LIMICOLJE Shore Birds. 



Like LONGIPENNES but toes not fully webbed. 



PICI Woodpeckers. 

 With 2 toes in front and one behind. 



Foot of Three-toed WOODPECM* 



WITH 4 TOES. 



With 2 toes in front and 2 behind. 

 PSITTACI Parrots. 



With a strongly hooked bill and unfeathered skin (cere) on the base 

 of the upper mandible. 

 Pici Woodpeckers. 



With bill not strongly hooked and without a cere on the base of the 

 upper mandible; bill chisel-like; tail stiff and its feathers pointed. 



Foot of Four-toed WOODMCKB* 

 xiv 



