THE LEPIDOPTERIST S CALENDAR 



59 



PUP.E] MAY 



S. sphegiformis in r., branch, or twig 



of alder 

 asiliformis ...in r. or stem of ash, 



or poplar 

 ,, bembeciformis in stem, or branch 



of poplar, osier, or sallow 

 ,, apiformis, b. in r., or base of trunk 



of poplar 

 M. arundinis ..inside reed stem, 



which the pupa can traverse, by 

 means of its hooks 

 C. ligniperda ...at various trees, 



spun up, under bark ; s. sub. 

 H. lupulinus at r. of dead nettles, 



&c. ; in a long cocoon, like a 



gallery, which it can traverse, 



by means of its hooks 

 velleda at r. of brake fern; 



spun up amongst loose soil 



L. asellus spun up, on a leaf 



N. cucullatella...on twigs, and bark 



of hawthorn, and sloe 



confusalis on bark of oak 



S. irrorella in a slight web, 



under stones, oyster, cockle, 



mussel shells, &c. , on the coast, 



just above the tide-mark 

 L. aureola under moss, on lichen- 

 covered larch, oak, &c. 

 ,, deplana on lichen-covered 



yew, spruce fir, oak, beech 

 lurideola on lichen-covered 



trees, and old walls 

 C. plantaginis ...spun up, between 



leaves of violets, plantain, &c. 

 ,, villica spun up, about low 



plants 



A. fuliginosa ...in a boat-shaped 



cocoon, on food-plant 

 ,, Aibricipeda ...spun up, on trees, 



palings, &c. 

 menthrasti ...spun up, on trees, 



palings, &c. 



urticse under moss, on trees 



L. salicis between leaves of 



willow, poplar, &c. ; under bark 



and copings, and on palings, &c. 



B. rubi in a long, loose 



cocoon, among food-plant 

 A. prunaria amidst folded leaves 



E. fasciaria ...... at base of Scotch 



firs ; rarely within 2 feet of the 

 tree, at i to 2 inches deep 



.under moss, on oak, 



to March, sub., on 



E. dolobraria . 



&c. 

 N. zonaria 



sand-hills 



B. repandata ... ) e. spun up, in 

 (l rhomboidaria \ loose cocoon 



,, abietaria, e. in cocoon, about larch 

 (l roboraria ...... at oak, in slight 



cocoon ; s. sub. 



consortaria ...under moss, on oak 

 I. lactearia ...... spun up, among leaves 



of oak, or birch 

 P. baiularia ..... spun up, in a loose 



net- work, on underside of oak 

 twigs 

 H. thymiaria ...in loose cocoon, 



amongst leaves 

 E. porata ........ fastened to leaf of oak 



E. heparata ...... at alder; on the sur- 



face 

 A. bisetata ..... in slight cocoon, at 



base of leaves of dandelion 

 trigeminata ...in loose cocoon 

 promutata ... 

 fumata ......... 



aversata ...... 



C. exanthemaria spun up, under leaves 



of sallow, and alder 

 S. belgiaria ...... among heath, in a 



slight cocoon, on the ground 

 S. dealbata ...... in shuttle - shaped 



cocoon, on grass stem 

 A. ononaria ...... among, or near rest 



harrow, on the surface 

 A. strigillaria, e. in a web among 



heath, or broom 

 L. csesiata, e. ...in a slight web, 



among leaves of bilberry, whor- 



tleberry, or heath; on mountain- 



ous heaths 

 olivata ......... among Galium mol- 



lugo, in a slight cocoon, on the 



surface of the soil, under a leaf, 



or stem 

 E. unifasciata ...from May, among, 



or near Odontites rubra; s. re- 



mains several years in pupa 



