148 



THE LEPIDOPTERIST S CALENDAR 



PUPJE] 



AUGUST 



Although pupae, of some kind or other, may be found at any period of the 

 year, the middle of the present month is the best time to commence the 

 systematic work of digging, and otherwise searching, for species which have 

 arrived at this stage. From about that time this work should be followed, 

 until the winter, as a regular part of the Collector's operations, as it is one of 

 the best means of securing many species otherwise difficult to be got. The 

 insects thus obtained come to hand in the finest condition, and many curious 

 varieties often appear. Although the digging at trees has been long recom- 

 mended, some kinds are only to be found at the roots of the low plants upon 

 which they have been feeding, or in their immediate neighbourhood. 

 Wherever there is a good mass of the food-plant of a desiderated species, the 

 pupa should be sought, or dug for, near, or among the roots, of course, 

 avoiding the destruction of the plant, if it should be rare or local. 



Machaon to April, on stems 



of Peucedanum palustre ; in 



fens 

 cardamines ...on stems of grass, 



&c. 



urticse among nettle 



cardui on, or near thistles 



Adonis, b. ...sub. at, or among 



Hippocrepis comosa 

 antiqua in a web, on palings, 



&c. 



lanestris 



cocoon, on the 



ground, near hawthorn, sloe, 



populi to Oct., spun up, 



against oak, poplar, &c. ; near, 



or just beneath, the ground 

 versicolora ...to March, spun up, 



at birch 

 lunaria to April, at sloe, oak, 



nut, &c. 

 alniaria under moss, on tree 



trunks, or between leaves 

 tiliaria, b. ...spun up, between 



leaves, or grass, at r. of oak, 



birch, &c. 

 fuscantaria, b. suspended, within 



a curled-up leaf 



pennaria sub. , at oak 



zonaria sub., on sand-hills 



hispidaria ...at oak 

 prodromaria to Feb., sub., at 



oak, elm, &c. ; just beneath 



the surface 

 punctaria to April, fastened to 



leaf of oak, or birch 



E. pendularia ...to April, fastened 



to leaf of birch 



F. carbonaria to April, among 



dead leaves of sallow, and 

 birch 



H. rupicapraria in a web, on the 

 ground, among oak, sloe, 

 &c. 

 leucophearia on the ground, near 



oaks 

 aurantiaria ...sub., at hawthorn, 



birch, oak, &c. 

 progemmaria sub., at oak, birch, 



hornbeam, &Q. 



defoliaria sub., at oak, haw- 

 thorn, sloe, hornbeam, nut, elm, 

 &c. 



C. brumata sub., at oak, &c. 



O. dilutata sub., at oak, &c. 



L. multistrigaria sub., about Galium 

 E. decolorata ... about Lychnis dioica 



E. venosata about Silene, and 



Lychnis 



,, fraxinata, e. to April, on ash ; 

 under moss, and loose bark 



, , vulgata to Mar. , sub. , about 



various plants, and trees 



exiguata to April, about oak, 



&c. 



M. ocellata to May, among 



Galium ; spun up, near the 

 ground ; larva s. remains during 

 winter 



A. badiata in earthen cocoon, 



on the ground, beneath dog 

 rose bushes 



