THE LEPIDOPTERIST'S CALENDAR 



173 



LARVAE] 



SEPTEMBER 



B. ulmella oak 



Demaryella . . . birch 



frangulella ...buckthorn 



,, cristatella, h. yarrow 

 N. intimella sallows 



subbimaculella oak 



trimaculella... poplar 



floslactella ...nut, hornbeam 



salicivorella . . . sallows 



myrtillella ...bilberry 



microtheriella nut, hornbeam 



betulicolella... birch 



ignobilella ...hawthorn 



argentipedella birch 



. . acetosella sorrel 



plagicolella ...sloe 

 prunetella ...sloe 

 tityrella . 

 malella... 



..beech 

 ..wild apple 



angulifasciella rose 



atricolel] apple, hawthorn 



N. arcuosella ...strawberry 



gratiosella ...hawthorn 



marginecolella elm 



alnetella alder 



glutinosella ...alder 



continuella ...birch 



splendidissimella ...bramble, and 

 dewberry ; rarer in wild rasp- 

 berry 



luteella birch 



regiella hawthorn 



tilaeella lime 



P. zophodactylus Erythrsea centau- 

 rium 



pterodactylus convolvulus 



,, tephradactylus, h. golden rod, in 

 shady places 



serotinus Galium Mollugo 



osteodactylus, h. golden rod 



,, microdactylus Eupatorium canna- 

 binum 



PUP^E] 



All who are bent upon doing "the right thing," as regards pupae, should 

 not fail to study the Rev. Joseph Greene's "Insect Hunter's Companion." To 

 that gentleman we are indebted for, many years ago, raising the operation of 

 obtaining subterranean pupae to the dignity of an art. This is the month re- 

 commended for a commencement, in earnest, of this work, as a large number 

 of summer, and autumn species have pupated, and other collecting work is 

 on the wane ; while it is desirable to get early possession of pupae before 

 mice, birds, flooding, &c., exercise their destructive influence. The pupae- 

 hunter is rewarded with specimens in the finest condition, and often with 

 interesting varieties. Most subterranean pupae are to be found at from I in. 

 to 3 in. in depth, close to, or not far from, their food-plants ; some species, 

 however, in a light soil go much deeper, particularly A. Atropos, P. Cassinea, 

 T. populeti, C. vetusta, and C. exoleta. Sandy, or gravelly soils are the 

 most favourable for those species which "go to earth ;" and they are seldom 

 found in sticky, or clayey soils, or if so, not far from the surface, if not 

 amongst the first superficial layer of rubbish. The roots of grass, &c., 

 afford a favourite hiding-place to many. Those species which spin up, do so 

 either on, or near, or just beneath their food-plants ; or among grass, moss, 

 or rubbish ; or on palings, walls, &c., contiguous. So that, as in the case of 

 subterranean pupae, an abundance of the food-plant peculiar to a species, 

 may sometimes guide us to a successful search. 



When pupae are obtained, they should be preserved in as natural conditions 

 as possible, and should not be exposed to sunshine, or kept in the dry air of 

 a living room. An outhouse, or cellar is to be preferred ; but they must be 

 protected from spiders, mice, beetles, &c. , and should be kept in sufficiently 



