174 



THE LEPIDOPTERIST'S CALENDAR 



PUP^E] 



SEPTEMBER 



open cages to allow of the free expansion of wings, and of ready examination 

 of the imago on emergence. Too much damp must be guarded against, or 

 mould will exercise a fatal effect. Although emergence -nay be looked for, 

 often with surprising certainty, at the exact time the imago is due, a warm 

 season will hasten, and a cold one will retard, the period ; and some species 

 will remain in pupa for many years, a portion, only, of the same brood, 

 appearing in successive years. Mr. Doubleday suggests that this may often 

 cause the non-appearance of a species, for several years. Among those which, 

 sometimes, remain more than one year in pupa, besides those mentioned in 

 the lists are S. carpini, B. rubi, B. callunse, B. roboris, N. camelina, N. 

 cucullina, N. dictsea, N. dromedarius, N. ziczac, N. Chaonia, N. Dgdonea, 

 E. unifasciata. 



P. Machaon on stems of Peu- 



cedanum palustre ; in fens 

 P. brassicae ... ) , . ., ,. 



rar>se V to A P n1 ' on P alm g s > 



;; Tpf ::::::::: \ *". * 



V. c-album, b.... among nettle, and 



on walls, &c. 



cardui on, or near thistles 



N. Lucina attached to leaf- 

 stalk of Primula 

 S. populi to April, sub., at r. 



of poplar, willow, &c. 

 M. fuciformus ...to April, in a loose 



web, among Lychnis, Scabiosa, 



&c., on the surface 

 A. mendica to May, under moss, 



on trees, and on the ground 

 lubricepeda...to May, spun up, on 



trees, palings, &c. 

 menthrasti ...to May, spun up, on 



trees, palings, &c. 

 O. pudibunda ...to April, in dead 



leaves, under moss, &c. 

 ,, antiqua from July, in a web, 



on palings, &c. 

 P. populi ... spun up, against 



oak, poplar, &c. ; near, or just 



beneath, the ground 

 E. lanestris cocoon on the 



ground, near hawthorn, &c. ; s. 



more than one year in pupa 

 E. versicolora spun up, among 



fallen leaves, at birch ; s. more 



than one year in pupa 

 S. illunaria to March, sub., at 



willow, oak, &c. 

 lunaria .at sloe, oak, nut, &c. 



O. bidentata . . .to April, under moss, 



on various trees 



H. pennaria sub., at oak 



P. pilosaria to Dec., sub., at 



oak, and elm 



N. zonaria sub., on sand-hills 



hispidaria ...at oak 

 B. hirtaria to Mar., sub., at 



elm, lime, ash, and fruit trees 

 A. prodromaria sub., at oak, elm, 



&c. ; just beneath the surface 

 H. abruptaria ...to April, spun up, 



on twigs, or between the forks, 



or beneath the branches, of 



lilac, rose, or privet 

 N. viridata to April, between 



united leaves of hawthorn, or 



bramble 



E. porata to May ; fastened to 



leaf of oak 



punctaria fastened to leaf of 



oak, or birch 



,, trilinearia ...to April; fastened 

 to leaf of beech, the margin of 

 the leaf often curling over, and 

 concealing the pupa 



pendularia .. fastened to leaf of 

 birch 



C. temerata to April, in slight 



cocoon among sloe, and wild 

 cherry, and probably buck- 

 thorn 



N. pulveraria ... to April, in withered 

 sallow leaves, &c. 



F. carbonaria ... to April, among dead 



leaves of sallow and birch, on 

 the ground 



