-236 LEISURE-TIME STUDIES. 



of New York. A long and carefully compiled pedigree of 

 this family shows the sad but striking fact that in the course 

 of seven generations no fewer than 540 individuals of Jukes 

 blood were included amongst the criminal and pauper 

 classes. The account appears in the thirty-first annual 

 report of the Prison Association of New York (1876) ; and 

 the results of an investigation into the history of the fifth 

 generation alone may be shortly referred to in the present 

 instance as presenting us with a companion case to that 

 of the somewhat inaptly named Chretien family. This fifth 

 .generation of the Jukes tribe sprang from the eldest of the 

 five daughters of the common ancestor of the race. One 

 hundred and three individuals are included in this genera- 

 tion, thirty-eight of these coming through an illegitimate 

 .granddaughter, and eighty-five through legitimate grand- 

 children. The great majority of the females consorted with 

 criminals ; sixteen of the thirty-eight have been convicted 

 -one nine times some of heinous crimes ; eleven are paupers 

 -and led dissolute or criminal lives; four were inveterate 

 drunkards ; the history of three is unknown ; and a small 

 minority of four are known to have lived respectable and 

 honest lives. Of the eighty-five legitimate descendants, 

 only five were incorrigible criminals, and only some thirteen 

 were paupers or dissolute. Jukes himself, the founder of 

 this prolific criminal community, was born about 1730, and 

 is described as a curious unsteady man of gipsy descent, 

 but apparently without deliberately bad or intently vicious 

 instincts. Through unfavourable marriages, the undecided 

 character of the father ripened into the criminal traits of 

 his descendants. The moral surroundings being of the 

 worst description, the beginnings of criminality became 

 intensified, and hence arose naturally, and as time passed, 

 the graver symptoms of diseased morality and criminal 

 disposition. 



The data upon which a true classification of criminals 

 may be founded are as yet few and imperfect, but Mr. 

 Oalton mentions it as a hopeful fact that physiognomy and 



