340 LEISURE-TIME STUDIES. 



the bearing of the captives to their masters indicates a 

 degree of relationship and organisation such as could hardly 

 be conceived to exist outside human experience. The 

 Sanguineas make periodical excursions, and, like a powerful 

 predatory clan, carry off the pupae or chrysalides of a- neigh- 

 bouring species, F. fusca. Thus the children of the latter 

 race are born within the nests of their captors in an enslaved 

 condition. As slaves " born and bred," so to speak, they 

 fall at once into the routine of their duties, assist their mas- 

 ters in the work of the nest, and tend and nurse the young 

 of the family. The slaves, curiously enough in this instance, 

 are black in colour, whilst the masters are twice the size of 

 the servitors, and are red in colour, and that the slaves are 

 true importations is proved by the fact that males and 

 females of the slave species are never developed within the 

 nest of the masters, but only within those of their own colonies. 

 The slaves in this instance rarely leave the nest, the masters 

 foraging for food, and employing their captives in household 

 work, as it were ; whilst, when the work of emigration occurs, 

 the masters carry the slaves in their mouths like household 

 goods and chattels, instead of being carried by them, as in 

 the case of Polyergus. 



Mr. Darwin gives an interesting account of the different 

 attitudes exhibited by the Sanguineas towards species of 

 ants other than the black race from which their slaves are 

 usually drawn. A few pupae of the yellow ant (F. flavd), 

 a courageous and pugnacious little species, were placed 

 within reach of the slave-making Sanguineas. A like 

 chance presented with the pupae of their slave race was 

 eagerly seized, and the chrysalides carried off. The pupae 

 of the yellow ants, however, were not merely left untouched, 

 but the slave-makers exhibited every symptom of terror 

 and alarm at the sight of the chrysalides of their yellow 

 neighbours. Such an instance demonstrates the existence 

 not merely of perception but also of the memory of past 

 experience, probably of not over-agreeable kind, of en- 

 counters with the yellow ants. When, on the contrary, a 



