i6 



THE MAMMALIA. 



Miocene orders and families are there unknown; 

 the monkeys, edentates, ruminants, and carnivores, 

 so widely diffused on the neighbouring mainland, 

 are all alike absent here; the bats and rodents, 

 which are found on these islands, belong to an 

 ancient Eocene nobility, and so also do the insecti- 

 vores, which are wholly wanting on the mainland of 

 South America. 



These two regions have followed a separate course 

 of development, at least since the Eocene period. 



And here now we are met by another fact. If the 

 Eocene and Miocene genera found on the two 

 hemispheres and described by palaeontologists are 

 compared, we find with astonishment that, with the 

 exception of two genera belonging to the Perisso- 

 dactyla, the genera Coryphodon and Lophiotherium, 

 derived from the earliest Eocene strata, there are 

 none common to both hemispheres. What con- 

 clusion must be deduced from this fact? Assuredly 

 none but this, that the two great divisions of the 

 earth were already separate in those times. But 

 there are in both corresponding series in the 

 evolution of mammalian forms; monkeys, horses, 

 ruminants, and carnivores exhibit parallel series on 

 the two sides of the ocean. 



In the Pliocene and Quaternary periods the two 

 hemispheres are not so sharply distinguished in the 

 north. In the Quaternary, in which the polar 

 species of the two hemispheres advanced in general 

 further to the south, there is not only, as at present, 

 similarity but entire agreement. These facts made 

 the adoption of a separate circumpolar region 

 necessary. We cannot associate this region with 

 those immediately to the south, when we find that 

 the latter are not only absolutely distinct on the 

 two sides of the ocean at the present day, but 

 were equally distinct to the northern shores of the 

 respective continents down to a period geologically 

 recent. 



The two parts of the mainland of America are 

 connected by the Isthmus of Panama, by means of 

 which many an interchange has taken place. But 

 on the whole the two land-masses referred to 

 are astonishingly different. North America, the 

 Nearctic region, has neither monkeys, nor manatees, 

 nor tapirs, camels, agoutis, or edentates, like South 

 America, the Neotropical region, which again has 

 neither insectivores, nor hollow-horned ruminants 

 or pouched rats. These two regions are accord- 

 ingly sharply marked off from one another. 



Quite different is it, however, with the three 

 regions of the Old World. The Palaearctic region has 



neither edentates, prosimians, nor elephants, which 

 the other two regions possess; but for the most 

 part it is necessary to descend to families and even 

 to genera in order to make out general distinctions 

 between the three regions. We must also grant 

 that their boundaries become obliterated when we 

 go back from the present time to earlier periods. 

 The three regions finally merge entirely into one. 

 In the Miocene and Eocene periods the Palaearctic 

 region had edentates, giraffes, and prosimians, and 

 as late as the Quaternary period elephants, hippo- 

 potamuses, rhinoceroses, and hyaenas. The present 

 limits of the region have accordingly only gradually 

 been established. 



If we now go on to consider the classification 

 which may be deduced from and ought to sum up 

 all the results of biological, developmental, and 

 geographical investigations, we must confess that 

 considerable impediments stand in the way. First 

 of all we recognize the perfectly clear and sharp 

 distinction between aplacental and placental mam- 

 mals, but after we have got so far we find the 

 principles of a further subdivision, especially of the 

 placental mammals, difficult to determine. 



The Eocene orders furnish us with nailed and 

 hoofed forms, Deciduata and Indeciduata, forms 

 with diffuse, zonary, and discoidal placentas, with 

 complete and incomplete dentition. All these above- 

 named orders cannot be derived from one another. 

 If, as is very probable, they are all descended from 

 marsupial stocks, they must trace back their descent 

 along several lines of different origin. Let us take 

 for granted for an instant this descent from a 

 marsupial ancestry, and see what conclusions may 

 be deduced therefrom. Such conclusions can be 

 based only on the dental system, which is all that 

 is known to us in the case of the earliest mammals. 



Presumable Relations of existing Placental 

 Orders to a Marsupial Ancestry as shown by 

 the Dental Characters The insectivorous type 

 is the oldest. We have seen that the marsupials 

 of the Trias and Oolitic (Jura) periods are insecti- 

 vores. This is accordingly a very old, perhaps 

 even the primitive stock. 



The bats are only flying insectivores. If we 

 unite the insectivores with webbed feet and those 

 with the toes free, we might also, without being 

 guilty of any great offence, add to the same group 

 those with flying membranes. 



Some Prosimii are manifestly insectivores. They 

 are probably descended accordingly from insecti- 

 vorous marsupials. Others, however, likewise very 



