APES AND MONKEYS. 



here also, as in the case of children, to whose 

 general behaviour that of the apes has at least 

 some resemblance, great individual differences 

 in capacity and temperament are observable, 

 so that the accounts of the behaviour of 

 individuals of the same species are often 

 diametrically opposite, one observer describing 

 a species as ill-natured and having vices of 

 all kinds, while another finds it amiable and 

 good-natured. And further, in reading all 

 these accounts we must take into consideration 

 the fact that most of the observations have 

 been made on captive specimens, which in 

 consequence of training, constant teasing, and 

 deprivation of their freedom, find themselves 

 in altogether abnormal states of mind and 

 feeling, states which often diverge greatly 

 from those manifested when they are living 

 in freedom. 



This circumstance also is specially worthy 

 of note, that as in the bodily so also in the 

 mental development of the apes the period of 

 sexual maturity forms an important crisis. 

 It is only at this period that those changes 

 take place which lead to the characteristic 

 formation of jaws and teeth, and of the strong 

 muscle tendons and crests on the skull, and 

 with the appearance of these external features 

 is connected in the most intimate manner 

 the development of the evil instincts, savage- 

 ness, lasciviousness, and so forth, while at the 

 same time the intellectual qualities remain at 

 the same stage which they had hitherto 

 reached. From this period the appetite for 

 food and the sexual instinct govern the animal 

 almost exclusively. Similar conditions manifest 

 themselves in the lower races of man, though 

 not in so pronounced a manner. 



(A) THE MONKEYS OF THE OLD WORLD 



(CATARRHIN^E). 

 With 32 teeth, and narrow septum between the nostrils, which are directed somewhat forwards. 



ANTHROPOID APES 



(ANTH ROPOMORPI^E). 



Tailless, with naked face somewhat resembling that of 

 man ; body covered with long hairs. 



Black Anthropoid Apes (Troglodytes). 



With fore-limbs reaching no further than the ankles, and 

 thirteen pairs of ribs; natives of Africa. 



As early as the year 500 B.C. Hanno, the 

 Carthaginian admiral, who then sailed along 

 the west coast of Africa to beyond Sierra 

 Leone at the head of a fleet of sixty vessels, 

 became acquainted with large black anthropoid 

 apes. Three females were killed and their 

 skins brought to Carthage. The interpreters 



he said, called these apes " Gorillas," a name 

 no longer met with in the negro dialects. 

 Later on people became better acquainted 

 with these apes through the settlements 

 formed on the Guinea coast, and as far back 

 as two hundred years ago living specimens 

 of the young were brought to Europe. But 

 it was not till 1846 or 1847 that it was 

 definitely ascertained that two species of these 

 apes could be distinguished, a smaller species 

 now known as the chimpanzee, and a larger 

 to which the name of gorilla is now restricted ; 

 and while it was formerly believed that only 

 the coast regions were inhabited by these 

 animals, the accounts brought by the more 

 recent explorers of Central Africa seem to 

 leave no doubt regarding the fact that the 



