CONTENTS. ix 



CHAP. Page 



54. Pearls ; how they are produced, and where 430 



55. How pearls are found . . 433 



56. The various kinds of pearls .. 434 



57. Remarkable facts connected with pearls their nature . . . . 436 



58. Instances of the use of pearls 437 



59. How pearls first came into use at Rome 440 



60. The nature of the murex and the purple 441 



61. The different kinds of purples 443 



62. How wools are dyed with the juices of the purple 445 



63. When purple was first used at Rome ; when the laticlave vestment 



and the praetexta were first worn . . . . 447 



64. Fabrics called conchyliated 448 



65. The amethyst, the Tyrian, the hysginian, and the crimson tints 449 



66. The pinna, and the pinnotheres 450 



67. The sensitiveness of water-animals ; the torpedo, the pastinaca, 



the scolopendra, the glanis, and the ram-fish 451 



68. Bodies which have a third nature, that of the animal and vegetable 



combined the sea-nettle 453 



69. Sponges ; the various kinds of them, and where they are pro- 



duced : proofs that they are gifted with life by nature . . . . 454 



70. Dog-fish 456 



71. Fishes which are enclosed in a stony shell sea-animals which 



have no sensation other animals which live in the mud . . 458 



72. Venomous sea-animals 459 



73. The maladies of fishes 460 



74. The generation of fishes 461 



75. Fishes which are both oviparous and viviparous 465 



76. Fishes the belly of which opens in spawning, and then closes again 466 



77. Fishes which have a womb; those which impregnate themselves ib. 



78. The longest lives known amongst fishes 467 



79. The first person that formed artificial oyster-beds ib. 



80. Who was the first inventor of preserves for other fish 469 



81. Who invented preserves for murenae ib. 



82. Who invented preserves for sea-snails . . 470 



83. Land-fishes 471 



84. The mice of the Nile 472 



85. How the fish called the anthias is taken 473 



86. Sea-stars 474 



87. The marvellous properties of the dactylus 475 



88. The antipathies and sympathies that exist between aquatic animals ib. 



BOOK x. 



THE NATURAL HISTORY OF BIRDS. 



I'. The ostrich .478 



2. The phoenix 479 



3. The different kinds of eagles 481 



4. The natural characteristics of the eagle . , 484 



