258 NUTRITIONAL PHYSIOLOGY 



accomplishment after another. All imitative action must 

 be made possible by the establishment of bonds between 

 receiving and discharging stations in the surface gray 

 matter of the cerebrum. As these connections are formed 

 the conduct of the individual under given circumstances 

 becomes predictable; in other words, we have here the 

 physical basis of mannerisms and habits. It is even per- 

 missible to say that the foundations of character are denned 

 in the direction which these association ties are found to 

 take. All of education, so long as it is viewed from with- 

 out and not from within, consists in the cultivation of 

 response to varied influences. There can be no doubt that 

 the anatomic accompaniment consists in the multipli- 

 cation of brain pathways. 



During the last hundred years the question has been 

 much debated whether particular powers have definitely 

 localized registration in the structure of the brain. In the 

 first half of the nineteenth century the phrenologists at- 

 tracted much favorable attention by their claims of very 

 precise subdivision of the brain into "organs of different 

 faculties." The notion of "bumps" is still current, though 

 it is usually referred to in a jocular spirit. The literature 

 of phrenology is very large, and it is probable that it would 

 repay a critical review, but the advocates of the cult went 

 much farther than the facts warranted and their concep- 

 tions fell into disrepute. By 1850 the reaction had carried 

 scientific opinion to the belief that there is little localiza- 

 tion in the brain. 



Since then a great many experimental studies, together 

 with observations of the consequences of injuries suffered 

 by human brains, have united to encourage the view that 

 there is some degree of localization. The new doctrines 

 have not followed the old traditions at all. Where the 

 phrenologists sought to refer mental functions to particular 

 regions of the brain surface, modern students have looked 

 with more success for the central representation of bodily 

 processes. They have shown that a certain area stands in 

 definite relation with the skeletal muscles, that another 





