1901.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 647 



CATALOGUE OF THE CLAUSILIIDJE OF THE JAPANESE EMPIRE.' 

 BY HENRY A. PILSBRY. 



The general sequence of species in the following list is from 

 primitive to specialized forms; but this end is only imperfectly 

 attained, as there are several highly specialized groups terminating 

 wholly independent phyla, making a serial arrangement quite 

 arbitrary. The forms with narrow clausilium and several palatal 

 plicae in place of a luuella are the more primitive, retaining the 

 structure of early Tertiary groups. Megalophcedusa and the typi- 

 cal Hemiphceduscv are of this kind. Zaptyx, Luchuphcedusa and 

 Tyrannophcedusa seem to be three independent specializations from 

 an early Hemiphsedusan stock. Stereophcedusa stands a little more 

 remote; while Pseudonenia, Euphcedusa and Reinia probably 

 separated from the pro-Hemiphsedusan stock at a still earlier period. 



The East Asiatic Clausiliidce are much more closely related to 

 early Tertiary than to modern European groups. The evidence 

 indicates that, like the Belogonous Helicidce, a common stock of 

 Clausiliidce spread over Asia and Europe, at least as early as the 

 Eocene. Subsequent evolution has been along independent lines 

 in the East and the West; and just as I have demonstrated in the 

 Helicidce, the European stock has forged ahead, while the Oriental 

 looks backward, many a group retaining old characters. 



Ninety-three well-established species of Clausilia are now known 

 from Japan, more than half of them first described in this journal. 

 Of this number forty-four were brought to light by Mr. Hirase. 

 The localities of many others, previously uncertain, have been 

 ascertained from specimens collected by him. In addition to these 

 species, thirty-five subspecies or varieties have been described. 

 The list of species is encumbered with eleven additional specific 

 names, standing for forms so inadequately described that their rela- 

 tionships with other species are not ascertaiuable from published 



1 Exclusive of P'ormosa. 



