1912.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 381 



E. S. Morse in the Bay of Tokio (Yeddo), and now preserved in the 

 Yale University Museum. 



HISTORICAL SURVEY. 



With the possible* exception of Tilesius, the honor of being the 

 first author who attempts to refer taxonomically to any Japanese 

 cephalopod belongs, so far as I have been able to ascertain, to Alcicle 

 d'Orbigny, who, in the great Histoire produced during the years 

 1834-1839 in collaboration with Ferussac, attributed the following- 

 named forms to this region: 



Octopus Fang-siao. Sepiola japonica. 



Octopus areolatus. Sepioteuthis sinensis. 



Octopus sinensis. Sepia sinensis. 



Loligopsis chrysophtalmos. 



As the majority of these nominal species were based upon the 

 rude drawings or descriptions of other authors and hence, as a rule, 

 are quite unaccompanied by accurate definition, only the Octopus 

 areolatus appears capable of precise determination. All of the other 

 names, with the doubtful exception of Sepiola japonica, have dropped 

 from use. 



Following the activity of d'Orbigny, we find a long period covering 

 the decades from 1845 to 1885 when but little in regard to this 

 particular field found its way into print save a few exceedingly 

 scattered and fragmentary observations by such authors as Lischke 

 (1869), Tryon (1879), Steenstrup (Sepia andreana 1875, Todarodes 

 pacificus 1880), Hilgendorf (Architeuthis martensii 1880), Owen 

 (1881), and Verrill (Inioteuthis japonica and morsei 1881). 



In the years 1885 and 1886, however, occurred the successive 

 publication by Dr. William E. Hoyle of the important results at- 

 tained by his exhaustive study of the cephalopods taken during the 

 cruise of H. M. S. "Challenger." In a resume of the Cephalopoda 

 of the region under consideration (1886, p. 219) some 25 species 

 (one of them doubtful and another since eliminated) belonging to 

 8 genera are listed. The species added to the fauna include the 

 type of a new genus, 8 other new forms, and several others pre- 

 viously described from other regions, as follows: 



Octopus hongkongensis. Sepia myrsus ? 



Octopus januarii. Sepia esculenta. 



Promachoteuthis megaptera. Sepia kobiensis. 



Loligo edulis. Sepia andreanoides. 



Loligo kobiensis. Sepiella maindroni. 



Loligo japonica. Calliteuthis ocellatd (as C. reversa). 



