4S 



expensive combined heater and cooler, Fig, 40, which is in two 

 sections, the upper one heated by hot water or by steam en- 

 tering at b, with overflow at a, and the lower, one cooled with 

 ice water entering at the union to the left and leaving at c. 

 The milk is distributed from the cup on top and leaves at d. 

 In Germrny Hr. von F. Hochmuth adap f ed the Law- 

 rence cooler to his purpose in a similar manner, as shown in 

 Fig. 41. It is divided in three parts. The lower one acts as 

 cooler, the w r ater enters at the bottom and is then, when 

 warmed at the top of 

 the cooler led through 

 a curved pipe into the 

 upper part leaving at a. 

 There the heat absorbed 

 from the milk is utilized 

 for the preliminary Fig. 43. 



heating. Meanwhile the center part is heated by steam en- 

 tering at D and the condensed water escaping at C. 



We find the same objection to this apparatus as to the 

 Laval, in the great drop, which requires the milk to be pump- 

 ed. This led Mr. Hochmuth to modify it and construct one 

 with the heater placed horizontally, Fig. 42, and also one with 



both heater and cooler in a hori- 

 zontal position. Fig. 43. In ad- 

 dition to this change, he also 

 adopted a cover which protects 

 the milk against the air as well as 

 compels it to follow the curvature 

 of the corrugated surface instead 

 of flowing on top. 



Similar system was used by 

 Lawrence, where the upper section 

 was covered, but I confess to a 

 liking for the open surface for 

 heating and for the first cooling, 

 always provided the air is pure 

 Fig. 42. when the apparatus is used. 



'Carl Thie/' (Germany) as early as 1886 adopted a 

 system of heater Fig. 45, where the milk is not exposed to the 



