TABLE OF CONTENTS. 



INTRODUCTION. 



Bacteriology and Microbiologys, i ; Biological relationship, 3 ; Spontaneous genera- 

 tion, 3; Heterogenesis, 4; Systematic relationships, 4; Fermentation and Putre- 

 faction, 5; Specific fermentations, 6; Pathology and Hygiene, 7; Contagion, 8; 

 Specific infection, 10; Antisepsis, n; Proof of the germ theory, n; Immunity, 

 12; Parasitic protozoa, 12; Insect transmission, 13; Pathogenic spirochetes, 13; 

 Filterable viruses, 13; Agriculture, 14; Biological view-point in the study of 

 micro-organisms, 14. 



PART I. BACTERIOLOGICAL TECHNIC. 

 CHAPTER I. THE MICROSCOPE AND MICROSCOPIC METHODS. 



Development of the microscope, 15; Lenses, 15; Achromatic and apochromatic 

 objectives, 15; Ultra- microscope and dark-field microscopy, 16; Tandem micro- 

 scope, 16; Principle of the microscope, 16; Pin-point aperture, 16; Relations of 

 magnification, definition and brilliancy of image, 16; Lens-armed aperture, 17; 

 Two lenses in series, 18; Magnification measured by the ratio of the opening 

 and closing angles of a beam, 19; Simple microscope, 19; Reading glass, 19; 

 Spherical aberration, 20; Chromatic aberration, 20; Diffraction, 20; Image 

 formation in compound microscope, 22; Numerical aperture, 23; Illumination 

 by the Abbe condenser, 24; Central illumination, 24; Dark-field, 25; Illumina- 

 tion by broad converging beam, 25; Visibility of microscopic objects, 25 ; Defini- 

 tion by light and shade, 26; The color picture, 28; The Bacteriological micro- 

 scope, 29 ; Eye-pieces and objectives, 30; Use of the microscope, 31; Microscopic 

 measurements, 31; The platinum wire, 31 ; Pasteur pipettes, 32 ; The hanging- 

 drop, 33 ; Motility of micro-organisms, 34; Brownian motion, 34; Hanging- 

 block, 35 ; Slide for dark-field study, 35 ; Use of dark-field, 36; Smear prepara- 

 tions, 36 ; Cover-glasses, 36; Technic, 37; Slide smears, 39; Staining solutions, 39 ; 

 Aniline stains, 40; Method of simple staining, 44; Gram's stain, 44; Acid-proof 

 staining, 46; Sputum staining, 47; Spore staining, 50; Capsule stain, 51 ; Stain- 

 ing of flagella, 52 ; Wet fixation, 54 ; Iron hematoxylin, 54 ; Blood films, 54 ; 

 Staining of tissue sections, 55; Celloidin, 55; Paraffin, 55; Sectioning, 56; 

 Simple staining, 58; Gram-Weigert method, 59; Tubercle bacilli, 60; Nuclear 

 stains, 61. 



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