torious mechanical inventor. The originator must have a great fund of enthusiasm, and an 

 ambition to add something to the general fund of human development for the benefit of the 

 world at large, and, that he may reap some personal compensation, or enjoyment, he must have 

 an intense love of close communion with nature, causing him to admire the infinite correlated 

 life movements; to study the loves and hates prevailing in all organic life and growth, discover- 

 ing the great fundamental truth in ethics, as well as in the development of organic beings, that 

 love breeds life, hate breeds death. Such a spirit of investigation leads the student of biology, 

 especially when working in this field of most practical application of the principles of biology, 

 to the contemplation of the all-binding energies and impulses belonging to and circulating through, 

 by mutual reciprocation, influencing and controlling all objects, thus creating the best concept 

 of the self-governed Infinite. 



Pure Breeding, Crossing and Hybridizing 



If a vine is grown from a Concord seed, produced by receiving Concord pollen, then the vine 

 is termed a pure seedling of Concord. If this should produce likewise pure seedlings of itself, 

 and these still others, and so on under intelligent selection, as of large berries, or cluster, or both 

 combined, presently a fixed type would be secured to the extent, that all the progeny would 

 have large berries and large clusters, and thus far a pure-breed or thorobred, of the "in and 

 in bred" type would be secured. Experience shows that such breeds become feeble in consti- 

 tution and growth, and cease to be prolific, easily succumbing to attacks of disease. Concord 

 in several of its third and fourth generations of pure-bred varieties, Lady, for example, and all 

 of a lot of pure Moore Early seedlings grown by me, are feeble and poor bearers. 



Crossing and hybridizing come to our rescue here, and enable us, by judicious selection of 

 parents, to derive full benefit of selection, and give the added benefit of often increasing vigor 

 and actually creating new flavors, and increasing quality, just as in chemistry the union of two 

 or more different substances gives us practically a new substance, often little resembling either 

 component part. 



In practice, crossing and hybridizing are identically the same in manipulation, but in the 

 selection of parents, different; those in a cross being chosen from the same species, as if Concord 

 and Ives should be united, the progeny would be a cross, and of pure Labrusca blood still; but 

 if Concord and Black Hamburg, or Black Prince, as was the case in producing the Black Eagle 

 variety by Mr. S. W. Underbill, the result is a Labrusca x Vinifera hybrid, and the variety shows 

 characters not like either parent, but usually intermediately between the two, so that a botanist 

 will quickly decide that the vine is not of pure specific blood, but a combination of the two species, 

 Labrusca and Vinifera. 



Thus, selection and cross- and hybrid-pollination are the conjury of the originator in 

 intelligently creating new and valuable varieties. 



How is it done? 



Simple Selection 



To produce varieties one may know nothing about the flowers, their parts and functions. 

 The best of a lot of seedlings are selected. Seeds of these are planted, and when these bear, seeds 

 of the best again are taken, regardless of whether they are pure or cross pollenized in flowering. 



Farmers and gardeners everywhere practice this much in preserving and improving their 

 varieties. How much they are failing to advance as rapidly as they might, did they use 

 judicious hybridization and crossing, they will never realize until they study and practice cross 

 pollenization. 



This requires an intimate knowledge of the essential organs of the flowers of the species to 

 be operated upon, the periods of successful conjugation of the pollen grain and ovule, and how 

 to screen away pollen not wanted and apply that selected. 



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