burden a vine with a double function, that of furnishing both male and female elements in repro- 

 duction. It seems that the genus Vitis (grapes) has in comparatively recent epochs, geologically 

 speaking, developed separate sexes, for by cultivation and stimulation we cause them to develop 

 true hermaphrodite flowers both sexes in one flower as in most vineyard varieties, just as all 

 other genera of the grape family (Vitaceae) have; thus easily going back to a less developed or 

 specialized state. By dividing the burden of reproduction between separate individuals greater 

 vigor and longer individual life is maintained among the vines, and the pollen from a male vine 

 is more virile potent than that from a hermaphrodite vine, and still more than that from a vine 

 with weak recurved stamens. The flowering of the male vines appears to be as great a strain 

 upon them as the bearing of fruit is upon the vines having recurved stamens practically pistil- 

 late flowers incapable of impregnating themselves with their own pollen. In fact, in a large 

 number of vines of V. rupestris, about equally staminate and pistillate, from seed of the same 

 vine, the male vines, although at first as vigorous, or more vigorous than the bearing vines, 

 soonest began to die by exhaustion, although the pistillate vines bore heavily annually. No other 

 cause of such earlier failure could be discovered. It is to be noted that the clusters of flowers 

 on male or staminate vines are far larger often two to four times as large as the clusters on 

 bearing vines, showing that nature provides the male element far more abundantly than the 

 female, providing for great losses that must occur by wind, rain and insect consumption. 



It is a pretty general rule in nature for the females to outlive the males. This preserves 

 the species better than for the males to outlive the females. 



To state the whole matter of pollination or impregnation among grapes, but not to be 

 too rigidly exact, as many other causes come in to have their effects, the following are 

 suggested as 



General Laws of Constitutional Development in Grapes with Reference to 



Parentage, in Pollination 



1. The most vigorous and enduring progeny are produced by vines, as mothers, other 

 things being the same, which have recurved stamens and well developed pistils, when 

 pollinated by purely staminate vines, as, for example, when Moyer, Lindley, Brighton, etc., are 

 pollinated by staminate seedlings of say Dracut, Perkins, Presley, etc. 



2. Next in vigor are the progeny of mothers having reflexed stamens with large pistils, 

 impregnated by hermaphrodite vines; e. g., Brighton or Lindley by Concord, Ives, Delaware, etc. 



3. The third in vigor and endurance would be the progeny of hermaphrodite vines, such 

 as Concord, Ives, Perkins, Catawba, and the majority of varieties in cultivation (see the Tables 

 of Varieties, pages 124 and 125), impregnated by staminate vines. But in this case the majority 

 of the progeny will be staminate vines. 



4. Fourth in vigor would be the progeny of hermaphrodite vines pollinated by other her- 

 maphrodite vines; for example, Concord pollinated by Delaware or Ives, and still weaker if polli- 

 nated by itself, or its own progeny, such as Moore Early, Worden, Martha, etc., making "in 

 and in" breeding. The progeny of such impregnations generally have hermaphrodite or self- 

 pollinating flowers, the kind preferred by vineyardists, who do not understand sex among vines, 

 because they bear planted alone in vineyard. Most hybrids of Labrusca with Vinifera have been 

 of this class. 



5. More feeble still, when any progeny at all are produced, is that of vines with recurved 

 stamens, impregnated by varieties with recurved stamens, as in case Moyer could be impreg- 

 nated by Brighton, or Lindley. 



6. In case a variety with recurved stamens should impregnate itself, if possible, 

 Mr. Jaeger thought his No. 43 did that we would expect the feeblest progeny. Such impreg- 

 nations, however, are very rare, if at all. Pistillate varieties thus pollinated generally cast the 

 pistils in a few days afterward, but the pistils may first enlarge a little. Professor S. A. Beach 

 has designated such varieties "self-excitant," or "self-irritant. ' but sterile. 



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