on the enclosed mother clusters have opened. Then the number of little grapes set on the clusters 

 will show what has been the success. It is almost certain that all seeds borne by the sacked 

 clusters will be crossed or hybridized by the variety used as the pollenizing parent. 



By this method probably a hundredfold more hybrid seeds may be produced with the same 

 expense of time and far less tediousness in manipulation than by the old method, with equal or 

 greater certainty of making the greater number of different combinations and more individuals 

 of each combination during the flowering season, than he can by the old method. 



If a variety with hermaphrodite flowers, such as Concord, Herbemont, etc., is chosen for 

 mother vine, then there is no surer or better method than that commonly recommended. However, 

 by planting the two vines to be crossed or hybridized side by side in the vineyard row, the writer 

 has been enabled to greatly expedite the work. The selection of parents was made when the 

 vineyards were planted, and the various crosses or hybrids intended arranged by planting the 

 pairs of vines in vineyard, to be operated upon when coming into bearing. In pruning time, an 

 arm of each parent is trained alongside each other on same wire, and at flowering time a shoot of 

 the mother vine has all the open flowers clipped off, and then all caps just about ready to shed, 

 which will lift by inserting the point of a needle at base of petals and lifting gently, are removed, 

 the anthers all hooked off with a minute hook, made by bending the point of a pin back upon 

 itself at an acute angle, the hook being about one-sixteenth of an inch long. 



After all flowers that will release their caps are thus treated, a cluster in bloom from the 

 other parent vine is taken, turning it so as to touch the disc of the stigma of the emasculated 

 flower, with the opening face of an anther just discharging pollen, each exposed stigma is thus 

 treated and then the shoot with the clusters of emasculated flowers, along with a shoot having 

 flowers abundantly opening on it, from the other vine, are completely enclosed in gauze, or 

 cheese cloth, to keep off insects and outer pollen in the wind. If many seeds are wanted, all the 

 bearing shoots of the arm of each parent trained together may be treated and protected together. 

 Each day at 9 or 10 A. M. the operation must be repeated so as to have all flowers of the mother 

 vine, enclosed, emasculated before they have pollinated themselves. At the last operation all 

 unopened flowers on the shoots enclosed of the mother vine must be removed, as they would 

 become self-pollinated. Whatever fruit ripens on the enclosed shoots of the mother vine are 

 supposed to be crossed or hybridized. 



If the mother vine have reflexed stamens while the other growing by its side has erect stamens, 

 either male purely, or hermaphrodite, all that is necessary is to cover both vines together with 

 a sheet or other sufficiently light cloth, so insects cannot readily enter, during blooming time, and 

 daily shake the pollen-bearing vine, to cause the pollen to be well distributed all inside the 

 covering. All the seeds developing on the vine with reflexed stamens will quite surely be 

 impregnated by pollen from the other vine. 



Hybridizing Varieties not Blooming Together 



When the intended parent vines do not bloom at same time, then either the earlier variety 

 must be retarded, by cutting off the primary shoots, and thus forcing the secondary later; or the 

 later must be made to bloom earlier by pruning close in the fall soon after leaf-fall, and the earlier 

 belated as directed above, or by not pruning until buds start in spring, or by both, if natural 

 times of flowering of the two intended parents are wide apart, or else by saving pollen of the 

 earlier to apply to the stigma of the later. 



Pollen can be preserved for weeks, and even a year, and still be efficient in impregnating, 

 as proven by the writer, by practicing the following method. 



Collecting, Preserving and Using Pollen 



From the vine chosen to be male parent, which must be either staminate or hermaphrodite, 

 collect the clusters when fullest of opening flowers, which time will generally be from 10 to 11 A. M. 



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