Xll 



CONTENTS 



XIX. 



CHAPTER PAGE 



XVIII. ADAPTATION OF ORGANISMS 307 



A. Adaptations to the Physical Environment . 308 



1. Adaptations Essentially Functional . . . 308 



Food . 308 



Temperature 311 



Pressure . . 313 



2. Adaptations Essentially Structural . . . 313 



Adaptive Radiation of Mammals . . . 313 



Animal Coloration 319 



The Legs of the Honey Bee 324 



B. Adaptations to the Living Environment . . . 330 



1. Communal Associations .331 



2. Symbiosis . 331 



3. Parasitism 334 



4. Immunity 338 



C. Individual Adaptability 339 



THE ORIGIN OF SPECIES 345 



A. Evidences of Organic Evolution 347 



1. Taxonomy 348 



2. Comparative Anatomy 351 



3. Paleontology ; . .... . . 356 



4. Embryology 364 



5. Physiology 367 



6. Distribution 368 



B. Factors of Organic Evolution 372 



EPOCHS IN BIOLOGICAL HISTORY 379 



A. Greek and Roman Science 379 



B. Medieval and Renaissance Science .... 382 



C. The Microscopists 386 



D. The Development of the Subdivisions of Biology 389 



1. Taxonomy 390 



2. Comparative Anatomy 392 



3. Physiology 394 



4. Histology 398 



5. Embryology . 401 



6. Genetics 403 



7. Organic Evolution 406 



APPENDIX 



I. CLASSIFICATION . 413 



A. Plants 413 



B. Animals ' 414 



II. BIBLIOGRAPHY . 417 



III. GLOSSARY 429 



INDEX 



457 



