and not from the part to the whole " ;* and it may have been a realisation 

 of the necessity of a framework on which to hang the detail which led 

 the Fathers to determine the positions of many towns in China. Their 

 observations, especially when the inadequacy of their early instruments 

 is borne in mind, are entitled to the very greatest credit. 



In 1877-80 Count della Szechenyi published an Atlas of a Portion of 

 East Asia (Scale 1/1,000,000). The Lan-chou sheet takes in a part of 

 our route, viz., Lan-chou to P'ing-liang Fu via An-ting Hsien. 



In 1903-5 Herr Wilhelm Filchner, made a trip into Kansu, 

 subsequently publishing a map of Kansu (Scale 1/1,000,000). No 

 hills shown. 



In 1906 Major C. D. Bruce travelled in company with a Rurki- 

 trained surveyor from Lan-chou to Peking. Starting from Lan-chou he 

 proceeded via Hai-ch'6ng Hsien to Ch'ing-yang Fu, thence following the 

 same route as that taken by us, viz., Fu Chou, Kan-ch'uan Hsien to 

 Yen-an Fu ; then bearing east and crossing the Yellow River at Yen- 

 shui-kuan he reached T'ai-yiian by Yung-ho Hsien and F^n-chou Fu. 

 An account of this trip, with a route sketch map (Scale 1/3,500,000, 

 based on a plane-table traverse), appeared in the Royal Geographical 

 Society's Journal, 1907. 



In 1907, as mentioned above, Mr. Clementi travelled from Kashgar 

 to Kowloon, taking astronomical observations with the theodolite 

 throughout his line of march, which however intersected our own at 

 Lanchou only. 



In 1910, the Russian Geographical Society published routes of their 

 expedition into Kansu (Scale 40 versts to i inch). 



The German Karte (Scale 1/1,000,000, sheet Hsi-ngan and Yii-linFu). 

 takes in a great proportion of our route, but the sheet giving Lan-chou 

 Fu has not yet made its appearance. 



• Vide Tfxi Book of Topographical and Geographical Surveying by Colonel C. F. Close, C. M. C, R. E. 



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