FINAL ACT OF SECOND PAN AMERICAN SCIENTIFIC CONGRESS. 83 



the intelligence and intellectual resources of the various countries of the 

 Western Hemisphere. 



No nation, more than any man, can live by itself alone, and the coop- 

 eration of nations is as essential to the progress of the world as is the 

 cooperation of individuals for the advancement of society within national 

 boundaries. Commerce and industry are bringing nations closer to- 

 gether and causing them to rely on each other more than in any previous 

 period of history. Means of communication are not only facilitating 

 commerce and gidustry but actually bringing, by travel and commerce, 

 the various nationalities together; and travel, personal intercourse, and a 

 knowledge of different countries and their institutions tend to remove 

 causes of suspicion which unfortunately exist among nations, as well as 

 among people, who are not brought into close personal contact. The 

 exchange professor is not intended as a substitute for the diplomatic 

 agent; it is obvious, however, that the system of exchange professor- 

 ships in our various universities would familiarize our professors, as well 

 as theirs, with the problems of scholarship, the aims and purposes of our 

 respective institutions, the means by which they have been created, 

 maintained, and their influence extended, and would carry to all countries 

 participating in the exchange a message of sympathy and of encourage- 

 ment in the efforts which all are making toward a common goal. 



Professors are, to cite only familiar examples, already exchanged be- 

 tween two American universities, Harvard and Columbia, and two Euro- 

 pean universities, Berlin and Paris; and the results are such as to justify 

 a very great extension of the system. Dr. NICHOLAS MURRAY BUTLKR, 

 the eminent and many-sided President of Columbia University, thus 

 briefly summarizes the results as well as the reasons: 



Public interest in this undertaking has been very great, and properly 

 so, for what is being created is a new force to guide and instruct public 

 opinion in international affairs. The nations of the world are clearly com- 

 ing into closer sympathy and relationship. The establishment of a per- 

 manent international court of arbitration at The Hague, to which differences 

 between nations are to be submitted for judicial determination, marks a 

 long step forward in the history of civilization. The universities, always 

 alert where great public interest and great tendencies are concerned, may 

 lend their powerful aid to the promotion of peace and good will between 

 nations by seeing to it that the youth of each is given opportunity to know 

 and to understand the point of view of the people of the others. It is 

 not only as a mere academic interchange that this undertaking is impor- 

 tant. It has far-reaching national and international significance. 



It is therefore clear that the organization of the system on an inter 

 national basis by extending it to all the countries of the Ameiican conti- 



