100 FINAL ACT OP SECOND PAN AMERICAN SCIENTIFIC CONGRESS. 



ARTICLE 25. The Second Pan American Scientific Congress, in order to 

 place instruction in international law upon a more uniform and 

 scientific basis, recommends that: 



(a) In the teaching of international law emphasis be laid upon the 

 positive nature of the subject and the definiteness of the 

 rules, for whether the teaching of international law be 

 regarded as of value as a disciplinary subject or from the 

 standpoint of its importance in giving to the student a grasp 

 of the rules that govern the relations of nations, it is equally 

 important that he have impressed upon his mind the definite- 

 ness and positive character of the rules of international law; 

 that the teaching of international law be not made the 

 occasion for a universal peace propaganda; that the interests 

 of the students in and their enthusiasm for the subject can 

 best be aroused by impressing upon them the evolutionary 

 character of the rules of international law, for through such 

 a presentation of the subject the student will not fail to see 

 that the development of positive rules of law governing the 

 relations of States has contributed toward the maintenance 

 of peace. 



(6) In order to emphasize the positive character of international 

 law the widest possible use be made of cases and the con- 

 crete facts of international experience, for the interest of 

 students can best be aroused when they are convinced that 

 they are dealing with such concrete facts, and that the 

 marshalling of such facts in such a way as to develop or 

 illustrate general principles lends dignity to the subject, 

 which can not help but have a stimulating influence; that 

 international law should be constantly illustrated from the 

 sources recognized as ultimate authority, such as cases both 

 of judicial and arbitral determination; treaties, protocols, 

 acts, and declarations of epoch-making congresses, such as 

 Westphalia (1648), Vienna (1815), Paris (1856), The Hague 

 (1899 and 1907), and London (1909); diplomatic incidents 

 ranking as precedents for action of an international charac- 

 ter; and the great classics of international law. 



(c) In the teaching of international law care be exercised to dis- 

 tinguish the accepted rules of international law from ques- 

 tions of international policy. 



