122 FINAL ACT OF SECOND PAN AMERICAN SCIENTIFIC CONGRESS. 



few sentences are quoted by way of introduction from the opening 

 remarks of the Chairman of the Section: 



Mining and agriculture are the only basic productive pursuits of man, 

 and they are both fostered each by the other, and both dependent on 

 Mother Earth. The one skims her surface; the other goes deeper. Agri- 

 culture furnishes man with food for existence, but mining gives him the 

 materials for power, art, and civilization. Without metals the scientists' 

 tools for experimentation and determination would not be possible, nor the 

 great diffusion of knowledge and thought by means of the printing press, 

 photographic appliances, telegraph, cable, and the telephone. * * * 



Mining and metallurgy must go hand in hand, for each would be impos- 

 sible or impotent without the other. Economic geology and applied 

 chemistry are the necessary lights, guides, and inspirations to advance the 

 power and usefulness of the miner and metallurgist. * * * 



With the steam engine, the turbine, and dynamo there was placed in 

 man's hands the fundamental implements of manufacture and the flexible 

 distribution of force. The main restraining bonds that confine and make 

 effective the steam are iron and metal; those of the turbine and dynamo, 

 iron, steel, copper, and aluminum; while coal, petroleum, gas, and water 

 are the mighty driving forces. And gold must not be forgotten. It made 

 all possible through its stored cells of human energy that radiated genial 

 currents of trade confidence which inspired and gave courage to gigantic 

 undertakings. 



In the manufacture of force the miner, scientist, engineer, and mechanic 

 all had to do teamwork and each aid the other, the miner giving to all 

 others the necessary materials. In return, knowledge and skill were given 

 mining projects that multiplied and expanded their outputs. And so the 

 forces have traveled in cycles the miner giving to the engineer, the 

 engineer giving to the miner, and in such wonderful and startling way 

 that the gold, coal, iron, copper, and petroleum demanded in the manu- 

 facture of force and other needs of modern civilization have so pro- 

 gressively increased within the last half century that the past fifteen 

 years' output of these fundamental force producers and force restrainers 

 have probably, with the exception of gold, more than equaled the total 

 output of all previous time in the history of the world. With these out- 

 puts bank deposits, railroad construction, war armaments, steam vessels, 

 and other forms of wealth and power have sympathetically advanced. 



Contemplate, then calculate, what is the force that has been unlocked 

 by the mining of 535,000,000 tons of coal and 222,000,000 barrels of 

 petroleum produced in 1912 in the United States. This force, if all used 

 for steam and expressed even in the imperfect efficiency of the steam 

 engine, would still show, in terms of man's muscular capacity, an equiva- 

 lent of the work of 2,700,000,000 strong men working continuously for ten 

 hours a day throughout the entire year. 



Falling water has also been harnessed and made 1 use of by the copper 

 band windings of the dynamo, and generates still other great forces. The 

 chemist's great might, expressed through explosives, has also been given 

 man within comparatively few years, and is being progressively increased. 

 Thus, in so short a time, has the miner, metallurgist, scientist, and engi- 



