186 THE FOREST LANDS OF FINLAND. 



The other was found by Mr de Julin in 1877, when 

 digging a canal in the same marsh. It is evident that 

 the tree had not grown on the site of the marsh, which, at 

 the remote period in which it grew, must have been 

 covered with firs, but on the firm soil of a small hillock 

 conterminous with the marsh. The position in which the 

 trunk was found indicates this with much appearance of 

 truth, for it was at a depth of four feet under the level of 

 the marsh, and viewed in connection with the extremely 

 slow growth of like layers of turf, it may be accepted, says 

 Dr Blomqvist, that perhaps thousands of years have passed 

 since the trunk, which must have been of great size, fell 

 there. 



In view of what has been made of the fact of trunks of 

 oak having been found in like bogs in Denmark, and the 

 hypothesis which has been raised relative to a succession 

 of different kinds of forest trees having grown upon the 

 same land, something may yet be done towards determin- 

 ing what kinds of trees constituted forests in Finland in 

 prehistoric times, and much besides this concerning them. 



The Wych elm (Ulmus montana Sm.) in the west of 

 Finland, disappears between 61 and 62 ; in the eastern 

 portion of the country it is found a little beyond 62. 



The spreading-flowered elm (U. e/usa Willd.) extends 

 in the west to like limits with those of the Wych elm ; 

 but in the east it is not found beyond 61. 



The Norway maple (Acer platanoides L.) extends to the 

 vicinity of 62. 



The common ash (Fraxinus excelsior L.) grows in the 

 south of Finland to beyond 6 1. 



The small-leaved lime tree (Tilia parvifolia~Eh.r.) extends 

 to the vicinity of 63 40'. The liber is used for making 

 cords &c. On this account the young trees are chiefly in 

 demand, and consequently few attain to great age. 



The berry-bearing buckthorn (Rhamnus frangula L.) 

 extends to the neighbourhood of the Polar Circle. It is 



