86 THE SMALL GRAINS 



to shattering exists of course to perfection in all spelts, 

 emmers, and einkorns. This character also exists to a 

 great degree in almost all wheats in western Asia, par- 

 ticularly in Turkestan. In that region it is a character, 

 in some instances, no doubt, developed through uncon- 

 scious selection by the people, as harvesting is always long 

 delayed because of lack of machinery. The Chul wheat, 

 now introduced from Turkestan into this country, is a 

 good example. Non-shattering is a character, generally of 

 club wheats, and therefore is found in the club varieties of 

 our own Pacific and Western Intermountain districts, and 

 in Chile. (10) Resistance to drought may be found in 

 the durum wheats of east Russia, Algeria, and India ; in 

 the round-kerneled dwarf wheats of northern India, such 

 as Chiniot Makkhi, Daudi, and Multan Makini; in the 

 common red wheats of east Russia, and probably most 

 of all in the wheats of all groups in Turkestan. Good 

 examples of the last are Chul, Ak, Kara, and Sari. 

 (11) Resistance to both drought and cold are found to 

 the greatest degree in the hard winter wheats of east 

 Russia. 



76. Earliness, yield, and fertility. (12) Earliness is a 

 characteristic of almost all Indian wheats, and is found to 

 a marked degree in the dwarf wheats of Japan and China. 

 It also exists in California in Sonora, and Early Baart ; in 

 Australia; in the violet-kerneled Abyssinian wheats, 

 and in many western Asian varieties. (13) Constancy in 

 fertility appears to be a quality of all spelts, emmers, 

 and einkorns, and generally of close-chaffed wheats. 

 (14) Yielding power is largely a matter of resistance, and 

 therefore a relative characteristic. The length and 

 number of spikes being equal, it is naturally greatest in 

 club wheats, but is also great in some hybrids. 



