BARLEY 121 



The two lodicules are usually long, but vary much in 

 form in different varieties. In the lower portion they 

 are thick, fleshy, and glabrous, in the upper portion 

 membranous and hairy. In some varieties they are 

 entirely membranous, and in certain varieties the surface 

 is entirely hairy: filaments three, anthers long, yellow, 

 opening in the upper portion ; pollen grains globular. 



Barley is rather strictly self-fertilized, particularly in 

 the two-row varieties, so much so that it is very difficult 

 in certain cases to perform artificial pollinations success- 

 fully. 1 



113. Kernels. The caryopsis is usually grown fast 

 with the lemma and palea, and all together referred to as 

 the kernel, as in oats. In some varieties the former is 

 naked, as in hulless oats. The longitudinal furrow is a 

 little narrowed from the back, and rather deep, so that 

 the lateral diameter of the kernel is greater than the 

 dorso- ventral diameter, while the latter is greater in ein- 

 korn, and the two about equal in other wheats, rye, and 

 oats. The caryopsis is rather vitreous in fracture; 

 aleurone cells in many rows, in other cereals in single 

 rows; starch grains simple. The colors of the barley 

 kernel, hulled and hulless, are various, and the causes 

 interesting. Composition of the kernel is in some degree 

 a varietal characteristic, but varies much more through 

 changes of environment. All varieties in California have 

 a lower nitrogen content than in the Northern Plains 

 states, though the California Feed or Coast barley is 



1 The exsertion of the head occurs imperfectly in some varie- 

 ties, and after flowering in others. The pollen ripens while yet 

 in the leaf sheath. The awns emerge at about heading time; 

 hence in variety studies it is proposed to substitute the date of 

 emergence of the awn for the date of heading, which is also about 

 the date of flowering (see Harlan, 1914, p. 7). 



