170 THE SMALL GRAINS 



should be sown not later than December 15. It reaches 

 a height of 3 to 4| feet. The spikes are of medium length, 

 tapering, and have awned white chaff. It shatters little, 

 but is not so good in this respect as Chul (Blanchard, 1910, 

 pp. 28-29). Fretes has also given good results in trials in 

 California and at Moro, Oregon, and yields better than 

 Australian White or California Club. 



163. Black winter emmer. For a long time, winter 

 emmers have been grown in southern European coun- 



FIG. 59. Field of Black Winter emmer at Channing, Texas, yielding 

 52 bushels an acre. 



tries from Spain eastward to Servia. One variety in 

 particular, the Black Winter, has been advertised for 

 many years by European seed firms and small samples 

 received from these firms at different times were planted 

 in this country by the United States Department of Agri- 

 culture, in experiment plats, in the fall, and gave good 

 results. It was decided, therefore, to obtain sufficient 

 seed to give this variety a thorough trial. In August, 

 1904, 36 kilos of seed were obtained by the Department 

 from France and planted in the fall of that year. Through 



