404 THE SMALL GRAINS 



the slope. By leaving the surface in ridges, listing 

 prevents loss by " run off." 



If time will not permit either plowing or listing, a good 

 second disking should be given the soil late in the fall. 



430. Treatment of new land. As the development 

 of dry-farming is comparatively recent in this area, and 

 the acreage under irrigation very small, there is even 

 more new land to be broken than yet remains in the 

 Great Plains. The land is first cleared of its shrubby 



FIG. 132. Harrowing sagebrush into windrows in Juab Valley, Utah. 



growth, which is chiefly sagebrush. This vegetation is 

 grubbed, often by hand, and thrown into piles and 

 burned. Machine grubbers are now made with which 

 a large field can be quickly cleared, the material being 

 dragged into windrows for burning, by other implements 

 following the grubber (Fig. 132). The ground is then 

 plowed 3 or 4 inches deep and thoroughly cultivated. 

 Sometimes the ground is plowed before grubbing, and 

 the brush dragged into winrows afterward. 



The condition of the surface soil of new land in the 

 Western area is very different from that of the Great 



