CEREAL PESTS WEEDS 467 



The wild rose flowers during nearly the entire summer, and 

 matures seed early in the fall. The fruit is berry-like in appearance, 

 and from orange to bright red in color; seeds hard and nut-like, 

 varying in shape and color, but usually dark brown, about the same 

 size as wheat kernels, from which they separate with some difficulty 

 (Fig. 142 a). 



As the wild rose propagates from deep underground 

 stems as well as from seed, it is a very persistent weed. 



FIG. 146. Cutting milkweed from an oat field. A bad infestation. 



It is particularly bad where grain is " stubbled in " with- 

 out plowing. Deep plowing with a sharp plow, in hot 

 weather, followed by double disking at frequent inter- 

 vals, will be effective in eradication. Stubble cropping 

 should be abandoned. 



511. Other perennial weeds. Two of the milk weeds 

 (Asclepias syriaca, Linn., and A. speciosa, Torr.) are 

 sometimes bad in grain fields (Fig. 146). Still other 

 perennials that are troublesome in places are poverty 

 weed, blue lettuce, skeleton weed, dwarf lupine, hedge 

 nettle, quack-grass, and Johnson-grass. 



