8 .MAM AL OF PHILIPPINE BIRDS. 



g l . Hind toe well developed and inserted on the level of the anterior 

 toes; claws not excessively lengthened; loral or orbital region 



or both naked Ardeiformes (p. 157) 



y-. Hind toe if present, small and inserted above the level of the 

 rest; or else size of bird small (less than 1 meter), loral and 

 orbital regions fully feathered and middle claw not pectinate. 

 h l . If more than 1 meter long the hind toe short and elevated; if 



less than 1 meter long the hind toe not elevated. 

 t 1 . Size very large; hind toe small and elevated. 



Gruiformes (p. 155) 

 i*. Size medium to small ; hind toe not elevated. 



Balliformes (p. 65) 



ft 2 . Less than 1 meter long, usually much less; the hind toe if 

 present, short and elevated, or if long the claws excessively 



long and wings spurred Charadriiformes (p. 98) 



f 3 . Lower portion of thighs feathered; or else middle and outer toes 

 united for at least half their length, the bill if lengthened not 

 grooved along the side. 

 g l . Bill strongly hooked and with a distinct cere at base of upper 



mandible. 

 ft 1 . Toes three in front; or else outer toe reversible; claws sharp 



and powerful. 



t 1 . No facial disk of modified feathers; plumage normal, com- 

 pact; nostrils generally not concealed by bristles. 



Accipitriformes (p. 210) 



t 2 . Eyes surrounded by a disk of modified featlu'rs; plumage 

 soft and fluffy ; nostrils usually concealed by stiff bristles. 



Strigiformes (p. 249) 

 ft 2 . Toes two in front and two behind, the outer toe permanently 



reversed; claws small and dull Psittaciformes (p. 272) 



y-. Bill not strongly hooked and without a cere at base of upper 

 mandible. 



ft 1 . Hind toe small and elevated Galliformes (p. 9) 



ft 2 . Hind toe or toes well developed and on the same Icvrl us the 



anterior toes. 

 i 1 . Upper mandible with a soft swollen ba>r. 



Columbiformes (p. 23) 

 I s . Bill without a soft swollen base. 



y 1 . Toes two in front, two behind; rarely two in front and one 

 behind, then the bill straight and the rectrices stiff and 

 pointed. 



A' 1 . Two toes in front united for their basal joint. 

 l\ Inner toe reversed, tail graduated.... Trogones (p. 362) 

 1-. Outer toe reversed, tail nearly square. 



Scansores (p. 389) 

 A-'-'. Two toes in front perfectly free. 



7 1 . Bill straight, its tip chisel-shaped; rectrices stiff, with 



stiff, pointed tips Piciformes (p. 392) 



?'-'. Bill more or less curved; rectrices long and soft, with- 

 out stiff, pointed tips Coccyges (p. 363) 



