180 MANUAL OF PHILIPPINE BIRDS. 



wing-coverts tawny-buff ; axillars and under surface of quills pale chestnut. 

 'Eyelids and facial skin reddish purple; bill nearly all yellow, the culmen 

 alone being dark brown; legs and toes yellowish green; claws brown; 

 iris yellow to pale red.' (Oates.) Length, 279; culmen, 46; wing, 140; 

 tail, 41 ; tarsus, 48. 



"Adult males in winter appear to be a little more dingy on the upper 

 parts than in summer, the head and back being shaded with grayish brown. 



"Adult female. Mantle and back uniform dark brown; wing-coverts 

 dingy brown, but mottled with sandy-buff margins and checkered notches, 

 which appear also on scapulars and inner secondaries, and have also 

 subterminal markings of darker brown on many of the coverts; greater 

 coverts, primary-coverts, and quills chestnut, with a good deal of dusky 

 at base and on the inner webs, primary-coverts also dusky towards the 

 ends; tail-feathers dull chestnut; crown and nape dusky brown; frilled 

 feathers on the sides of neck brown in the center, with yellowish margins ; 

 sides of face yellowish buff, streaked with brown; whole of the under 

 surface yellowish buff, very thickly streaked with dark brown, sides of 

 throat whiter, feathers composing the broad mesial streak down the middle 

 of throat and fore neck having a distinct rufous shade; on each side of 

 the upper breast a patch of dependent plumes, black in the center with 

 yellowish-buff margins; thighs chestnut; under wing-coverts yellowish 

 buff like the chest; axillars and quill-lining dull chestnut, the feathers 

 with a good deal of gray in them. 'Facial skin, margins of upper man- 

 dible, and nearly the whole of the lower mandible yellow, remainder of 

 bill black; back of tarsus and soles yellow; claws yellowish brown; iris 

 yellow.' (Oates.) Length, 330; culmen, 51; wing, 136; tail, 43; tar- 

 sus, 44. 



"The young birds are very like the female, as determined by Mr. Oates 

 and myself, but the whole back is variegated with yellowish-buff spots 

 and markings, as well as the wings, so that the uniform brown mantle 

 is a sign of the adult female, and the spotted mantle of a young bird. 

 Mr. Everett gives the soft parts of a young female as follows : 'Legs and 

 feet bright olive-green ; bill greenish yellow at base, the culmen of a dark 

 olive-brown tint; iris golden yellow.' 



"Considerable variation in the tint of the cinnamon plumage of this 

 species is observable in a series, and specimens from more southern lo- 

 calities are decidedly the darker and richer in color." (Sharpe.) 



Genus NANNOCNUS Stejneger, 1887. 



Very similar to Ixobrychus but the lower part of tibia unfeathered and 

 the quills and tail-feathers blackish. 



