44 MANUAL OF FRUIT DISEASES 



be planted to take care of the excess moisture in the autumn. 

 Such a crop would be particularly desirable following a dry 

 summer. (4) Where irrigation is practiced, the operation 

 should be discontinued in time to allow maturation. (5) The 

 heavy application of nitrogenous fertilizers should be avoided 

 except early in spring. (6) Low, wet soils should be thoroughly 

 tile-drained. (7) Trunks and limbs of trees susceptible to 

 sun-scald should be sprayed or painted with whitewash in the 

 fall or early winter. This method seems more feasible than 

 shading with a board. 



But with all these precautions some injury will doubtless 

 occur. Where frost cankers are developed, the injured bark 

 should be removed and the wound treated as described on 

 page 54. 



The protection of the buds and blossoms from the action of 

 spring frosts has been shown to be practicable. Orchard-heat- 

 ing is entirely possible and is practiced with profit in the West, 

 and it is recommended for other regions. To combat frost, 

 considerable preparation is necessary and the initial invest- 

 ment is large. The average cost an acre each year for heating 

 is from $10 to $12. Materials such as coal, wood, crude oil, 

 straw or rubbish of any kind are used as fuel. The weather 

 conditions must be thoroughly understood in order to carry on 

 the work successfully. 



REFERENCES 



Mix, A. J. Sun-scald of fruit trees a type of winter injury. Cornell 

 Univ. Agr. Exp. Sta. Bui. 382 : 237-284. 1916. (Bibliography.) 



Chandler, W. H. The killing of plant tissue by low temperature. 

 Missouri Agr. Exp. Sta. Research bul. 8 : 143-309. 1913. 

 (Bibliography.) 



Grossenbacher, J. G. Crown rot, arsenical poisoning and winter- 

 injury. New York (Geneva) Agr. Exp. Sta. Technical bul. 

 12:369-411. 1909. (Bibliography.) 



Grossenbacher, J. G. Crown rot of fruit trees : field studies. New 

 York (Geneva) Agr. Exp. Sta. Technical bul. 23 : 3-59. 1912. 



Reddick, D. Frost injury. New York State Fruit Growers' Assn. 

 Proc. 11:34-41. 1912. 



