APPLE DISEASES 53 



ductive limbs can be profitably removed. If the lesion ex- 

 tends more than half around the limb, no attempt should be 

 made at removing the canker; the entire branch should be 

 removed. 



In the removal of cankered limbs the cut may be made so 

 that another shoot can grow in the approximate space left by 

 the portion removed. The position of the canker on the limb 

 determines the feasibility of the operation. In case the canker 

 is at some point a few feet from the parent branch the affected 

 portion of the limb may be removed by sawing off the. same 

 between the canker and the parent branch. On the cut end 

 may then be grafted a desirable variety. This grafting of 

 stubs is justified in certain cases, but should always be supple- 

 mented by careful spraying of the bark. The grafts should be 

 watched closely, since the canker fungus may enter the limb at 

 such points. 



In cases where the whole limb is cut from the tree, the cut 

 should be made at the junction of the limb with the parent 

 branch. The cut should be made close to and perfectly even 

 with the outline of the larger supporting limb without regard to 

 the size of the resulting wound. A rough, splintered surface is 

 highly undesirable and may be avoided by the following pro- 

 cedure preliminary to making the final cut. Saw about one-third 

 through the limb from the lower side at a point one foot beyond 

 the place where the final cut is to be made. The next cut on 

 the upper side is made an inch beyond the first cut. The cut- 

 ting on the upper side should continue until the limb is severed. 

 This leaves a stub about a foot long which must now be removed, 

 cutting, as previously outlined, close to the main limb. It is 

 important that no stub be left, even if it is but a few inches in 

 length, for the presence of a stub retards, or wholly prevents, 

 healing. In those cases where a callus does not occlude the 

 wound in a relatively short time, heart-rot is almost sure to result. 

 It requires comparatively little time and expense to clean and 



