SIGNS, ABBREVIATIONS, ETC., EXPLAINED. 



I. MAMMALS. 

 '.= Incisor teeth. 

 c. Canines. 



m,. Molars. 



Thus " i. flf " indicates two incisor teeth on each side in the 

 upper jaw, and one on each side in the lower. 



" Toes 5-4 " implies fore feet five-toed, hind feet four-toed. 



Other signs are as used in Birds. 



II. BIRDS. 



i. Length in inches (along back from tip of bill to end of 

 longest tail feather) ; thus, "L. 7i " means, length 7 inches. 

 ^.^Extent (spread of wing) measured in inches. 



W. Length of wing (from bend of closed wing carpal joint 



to tip of longest feather) in inches. 

 T.= Length of tail in inches (i.e., actual length of the longest tail 



feather.) 

 B.= Length of bill in inches (measured along culmen from tip to 



frontal feathers.) 

 .ZZ#.=Length of head in inches (measured with dividers from 



base of bill to nape.) 



Ts.= Length of tarsus in inches (measured in front.) 

 Tcl.= Length of middle toe with its claw. 



The measurements given in the descriptions are understood to 

 represent a fair average adult male; a variation of one-sixth, or 

 more, in absolute length is nothing unusual ; relative lengths, as of 

 wings and tail, are much more constant. To save space I have 

 preferred to say "L. 6," to saying "L..5i to 6i." 



$= Female. 



