30 ANDREW JACKSON HOWE. 



must have been a thorough training in mathematics, 

 physics and the natural sciences. In Russia a sound 

 education is required, and a familiarity with Latin 

 and Greek prose and verse. At least two modern 

 languages are compulsory French and German pre- 

 ferred. In Italy a young man desiring to commence 

 the study of medicine must be thoroughly prepared 

 in mathematics and physics ; and pass a rigid ex- 

 amination in Latin and Greek. The requirements 

 are equivalent to graduation in the Arts. In Switzer- 

 land a knowledge of several Latin authors is re- 

 quired Livy, Cicero, Virgil, Plautus and Horace. 

 Besides, in mathematics, chemistry and physics, the 

 requisition is about on a par with that of a university 

 graduate. In Spain and Portugal a thorough educa- 

 tion is required, including advanced knowledge of 

 Latin and Greek. In most European countries a 

 medical student is examined in drawing, much weight 

 being attached to the accomplishment. 



From the citations made it will be seen that a 

 classical training is required in all European countries 

 for students who contemplate studying medicine ; and 

 that the natural sciences constitute prerequisites to 

 registration. Such have been the requirements for 

 centuries, and no laxity in learning is prospective. A 

 greater and greater degree of erudition is demanded 

 at every decade. Only in America has it been per- 

 mitted that students from farms, trades and work- 

 shops enter the portals of medical colleges without a 

 preliminary examination without a question being 

 asked as to character or clerical acquisitions. The 

 rapid increase of population in the country created a 

 pressing demand for more and more medical men. 

 Pretenders in medicine from foreign lands settled in 



