THE PENTADACTYL TYPE. 141 



gual phalanx, and supports a hoof instead of a nail, 

 as in man and many other animals. 



The horse has long lips to gather in its food, and 

 six good incisors in each jaw to crop grass ; behind 

 these are short tusks in the male, then comes a toothless 

 space for the " bit," and still further back are the im- 

 mense grinders which do such excellent service in mash- 

 ing and pulpifying the food, whether it be grass, hay, or 

 grain. And the grinding is so well done that the food 

 does not have to be regurgitated and chewed over as a cud. 



The elephant's foot conforms pretty nearly to the 

 pentadactyl standard, for it terminates in five toes; 

 yet the inner toe (hallux and pollex) is somewhat im- 

 perfect, or rudimentary in its fundamental character. 

 The hippopotamus treads upon four toes, and has the 

 rudiment of a fifth, which is on the inside of the 

 carpus and tarsus. The rhinoceros goes upon three 

 toes, the "little toe" vanishing entirely, and the 

 "great toe" existing in a rudimentary state, or is not 

 developed sufficiently to reach the ground. 



The kangaroo- has five digits in each of its fore- 

 paws ; and apparently three, though really four, in 

 each of the hind feet. The failure is on the inside of 

 the foot, the hallux is wanting, and the next two are 

 so dwarfed that in the seemingly combined state they 

 are not equal to the outside digit, which again is 

 smaller than the immensely developed fourth toe 

 reckoned in the order from "great" to " little." The 

 two dwarfed toes which appear in the living animal 

 as single, have but one metatarsal bone that reaches 

 back to the tarsus ; and this is very slender. When 

 the animal sits at rest the os calcis reaches the 

 ground, but in hopping about the two outside toes 

 in each hind foot receive the weight of the body, and 



