Chap. 10.] DIFFERENT KINDS OF GRAIN. 19 



with earth, and made to run into others of a larger size and 

 wider ; the bottom, also, should, if possible, have a coating of 

 stones or of gravel. The openings, too, should be strengthened 

 with two stones placed on either side, and another laid upon 

 the top. Democritus has described a method of rooting up a 

 forest, by first macerating the flower of the lupine 84 for one day 

 in the juice of hemlock, and then watering the roots of the 

 trees with it. 



CHAP. 9. (7.) THE DIFFERENT KINDS OF GRAIN. 



As the field is now prepared, we shall proceed to speak of 

 the nature of the various kinds of grain ; we must premise, 

 however, that there are two principal classes of grain, the 

 cereals, 85 comprising wheat and barley, and the legumina, such 

 as the bean and the chick-pea, for instance. The difference 

 between these two classes is too well known to require any 

 further description. 



CHAP. 1 0. THE HISTORY OF THE VARIOUS KUTOS OF GRAIN. 



The cereals are divided again into the same number of 

 varieties, according to the time of the year at which they 

 are sown. The winter grains are those which are put in 

 the ground about the setting of the Vergiliae, 86 and there re- 

 ceive their nutriment throughout the winter, for instance, 

 wheat, 87 spelt, 88 and barley. 89 The summer grains are those 

 which are sown in summer, before the rising of the Vergiliae, 90 



84 The flower of the lupine could not possibly produce any such effect ; 

 and the juice of cicuta, or hemlock, in only a very trifling degree, 



85 This word answers to the Latin " frumenta," which indicates all those 

 kinds of corn from which bread was prepared by the ancients. 



86 See c. 59 of this Hook. 



87 Triticum hibernum of Linnaeus, similar to the "siligo" mentioned in 

 "the sequel. Winter wheat was greatly cultivated in Apulia. 



88 " Far." This name is often used in the classics, to signify corn in 

 general; but in the more restricted sense in which it is here employed, it is 

 "Triticum dicoccum," the "Zea" of the Greeks. It consists of two varie- 

 ties, the single grained, the Triticum monococcum of Linnaeus, and the 

 double-grained, the Triticum spelta of Linnaeus, which is still called " farra'' 

 in Friuli. 



89 Hordeum sativum of Linnaeus. 



90 See c. 66 of this Book. 



C 2 



