20 PLINY'S NATUEAL HISTOBT. [Book XVIII. 



such as millet, 91 panic, 92 sesame, 93 horminum, 94 and irio, 95 in 

 accordance, however, with the usage of Italy only ; for in 

 Greece and Asia all the grains are sown just after the setting of 

 the Vergiliae. There are some, again, that are sown at either 

 season in Italy, and others at a third period, or, in other 

 words, in the spring. Some authors give the name of spring- 

 grain to millet, panic, lentils, 96 chick-peas, 97 and alica, 98 

 while they call wheat, barley, beans, turnips, and rape, semen- 

 tive or early sowing seeds. Certain species of wheat are only 

 sown to make fodder for cattle, and are known by the name of 

 " farrago," 99 or mixed grain; the same, too, with the legumi- 

 nous plants, the vetch, for instance. The lupine, 1 hdwever, is 

 grown in common as food for both cattle and men. 



All the leguminous 2 plants, with the exception of the bean, 

 have a single root, hard and tough, like wood, and destitute of 

 numerous ramifications ; the chick-pea has the deepest root of 

 all. Corn has numerous fibrous roots, but no ramifications. 

 Barley makes its appearance 3 above ground the seventh day 

 after sowing ; the leguminous plants on the fourth, or at the 

 very latest, the seventh ; the bean from the fifteenth day to 

 the twentieth : though in Egypt the leguminous plants appear 

 as early as the third day after they are sown. In barley, ono 

 extremity of the grain throws out the root, and the other tho 



91 Panicum Italicum of Linnaeus. 



92 Panicum miliaceum of Linnaeus. This was probably one of the first 

 grains from which bread was made. 



93 The Sesamum orientale of Linnaeus. It is no longer cultivated in 

 Europe, though formerly it was much used in Greece. 



94 It is very doubtful if this is the same as clary, the Salvia horminum 

 of Linnaeus, as that is one of the Labiatae, whereas here, most probably, a 



leguminous plant is spoken of. 

 95 It has bee 



een asserted that this is identical with the Sisymbrium poly- 



ceratium of Linnaeus, rock-gentle, rock-gallant, or winter-cress. Fee, how- 

 ever, is strongly of opinion that it cap only be looked for in the Sisym- 

 brium irio of Linnaeus. 



96 Ervum lens of Linnaeus. 



97 The Cicer arietinum of naturalists, the Garbanzo of the Spaniards. 

 It abounds in the south of Europe and in India. 



98 A variety of spelt was called by this name ; but it was more gene- 

 rally applied to a kind of flummery, pottage or gruel. 



99 Hence our word "forage/* 



1 Lupinus hirsutus and pilosus of Linnaeus. 



2 From Theophrastus, Hist. Plant. B. viii. c. 2. 



3 All this, of course, depencte upon numerous circumstances. 



