Chap. 22.] 8ASDARACK. 239 



lands of Thcodotus at Smyrna, which the ancients made use of 

 lor painting ships. At the present day, all ceruse is prepared 

 artificially, from lead and vinegar, 35 as already stated. 



CHAP. 20. 



Usta 35 was accidentally discovered at a fire in the Piraeus, 

 some ceruse having been burnt in the jars there. Nicias, the 

 artist above-mentioned, 39 -was the first to use it. At the 

 present day, that of Asia, known also as'" purpurea," is con- 

 sidered the best. The price of it is six denarii per pound. It 

 is prepared also at Home by calcining marbled sil, 3 * and 

 quenching it with vinegar. Without the use of usta shadows 

 cannot be made. 89 



CHAP. 21. KIlKTIltA. 



Erefria takes its name from the territory 4 '* which produces 

 it. Is'icomaehus 41 and Parrhasius made use- of it. In a medi- 

 cinal point of view, it is cooling and emollient. In a calcined 

 state, it promotes the cicatrization of wounds, is very useful 

 as a desiccativr, and is particularly good for pains in the head, 

 and for the detection of internal suppurations. If the earth, 

 when applied 5 * with water, does not dry with rapidity, the 

 presence of purulent matter is apprehended. 



en A r. 22. SANDAUACH. 



According to Juba, sandaraeh and oclira are both of them 

 productions of the, inland of Topazus," in the Ked Sea; but 

 neither of them, are imported to us from that place. The 



:;5 Ceruse, white lead, or carbonate of lead, is prepared in much the same 

 manner ut th' present day. Ajasson is of opinion that the native pigment 

 discovered on the lands of Theudotns, was native carbonate of Uad, the 

 crystals of which are found accompanied hy (jn.irtz. 



"-'' 4I IXurnt" ccru.se. This w;is, in fact. one of the varieties of " minium," 

 red oxide of lead, our red lead. Vitruvins and Dioseoridefl call it"san<- 

 daiura," iliUYriiig somvwhut from that of 1'liny. " 7 lu Chapter 10. 



** Si e 1>. xxxiii. cc. ; "j'>, 57. 



89 It was po.ss5hly *iwinr to this that the colour known as " umher n re- 

 ceive<l its name, and not from Ombrisi, in Italy. Aja^.son says that sha- 

 dows cannot be succc.-sfully made without the use of transparent colours, 

 and that red and th<^ several browns are remarkably transparent. 



*" See H. iv. c. 21. 4l As to both of these artists, see Chapter 36. 



42 To the chest. 4J See 13. vi. c. 31, and 15, xxxvii. c. 32. 



