248 PLINY'S NATURAL msTOiir. [Book 



distinguished tho sexes 96 in painting, and attempted to imitate 

 ever}* kind of figure ; and Cimon 97 of Cleonoc, who improved 

 upon the inventions of Eumarus. 



It was this Cimon, too, who first invented forcshortenings, 9 * 

 or in other words, oblique views of the figure, and who n'rst 

 learned to vary tho features by representing them in tho 

 various attitudes of looking backwards, upwards, or down- 

 wards. It was he, too, who first marked the articulations of 

 the limbs, indicated the veins, and gave the natural folds and 

 sinuosities to drapery. Pancenus, too, the brother of Phidias, 

 even executed a pointing 9 * of the battle fought by the Athe- 

 nians with the Persians at Marathon : so common, indeed, had 

 the employment of colours become, and to such a state of per- 

 fection had the art arrived, that he was able to represent, it is 

 said, the portraits of the various generals who commanded at 

 that battle, 31iltiudcs, Callimachus, and Cymcgirus, on tho 

 side of the Athenians, and, on that of the barbarians, Datis 

 and Artapherues. 



CHAP. 35. (9.) THE FIRST CONTEST TOR EXCELLENCE IX THE 



PICTORIAL ART, 



And not only this, but, during the time that Panrrnus 

 flourished, there were contests in the pictorial art instituted 

 at Corinth and Delphi. On the first occasion, Pamxmus him- 

 self entered the lists, at the Pythian Games, with Timagoras 

 of Chalcis, by whom he was defeated ; a circumstance which 

 is recorded in some ancient lines by Timagoras himself, and 

 an undoubted proof that the chroniclers are in error as to 



y> It is pretty clear, from vases of a very ancient date, that it is not tho 

 sexual distinction that is here alluded to. Eumarus, perhaps, may have been 

 tb^first to give to each sex its characteristic style of design, in the com- 

 positions, draperies, attitudes, and complexions of the respective sexes. 

 Wornum thinks that, probably, Eumarus, and certainly, Cimon, belonged 

 to the class of ancient tetrachromists, or polychromists, painting in a va- 

 riety of colours, without a due, or at least a partial, observance ~f the 

 laws of light and shade. Smith's Diet. Antiq. Art. Tainting. 



^ He is mentioned also by -JKlian. iJottiger is of opinion that he flou- 

 rished about the 80th Olympiad. It is probable, however, that he lived 

 long before the age of Polygnotus; but some time after that of Eumarus. 

 Wornum thinks that he was probably a contemporary of Solon, a. century 

 before Polygnotllf. Vi * 4 * Catagruph;i." 



n This picture was placed in tho Pivcile ut Athens, and is mentioned 

 also by Pausanias, B. i. c. la, and by ^-Eschines, Ctcsiph. s. 186. 



