18 EDWARD A. WILSON. 



The temperature of the bird is high, but not so high as that given by Mr. Eagle 

 Clarke, as observed in the Adelie Penguins by members of the Scottish Expedition. 

 For that bird the temperature is given as 106 Fahr., but in the Emperor, as a mean 

 of that taken in the oesophagus and in the rectum the moment after pithing a fresh- 

 caught bird, we found the temperature to be 100 '7 Fahr. The rate of the pulse in a 

 " pithed " bird was sixty to the minute, and the respiration in a chicken twenty. It is 

 possible that the damage to the medulla may have affected these observations, though 

 they were taken the moment after ; it was not easy, however, to make them otherwise. 



There were no parasites discoverable on the skin or amongst the feathers of the 

 Emperor Penguin a fact which is somewhat remarkable, and one which holds good, 

 so far as we were able to make out, for all Antarctic birds and beasts, in direct 

 opposition to the experience of observers of Northern Polar birds and animals. The 

 only typical Antarctic bird on which lice were ever discovered, and in this one case 

 they swarmed, was in a single individual of the Snow Petrel (Pagodroma nivea). 

 Bacteria, I am told by Dr. Koettlitz, infested the intestines and also were discoverable 

 in the incubated eggs of the Emperor Penguin. 



The cry of the adult Emperor is far louder, more prolonged, and more musical 

 than the harsh croak of the Adelie Penguin. It is like a defiant trumpet-call, and can 

 be heard at a great distance over the icefloes. This is its rallying call note, and is 

 emitted with the head erect, but it has also a clucking or chattering note to which it 

 gives expression in a different way. Bending the head and neck down low on the 

 breast in a powerful expiratory effort, it then, in raising it, gives vent to an interrupted 

 musical cry as the lungs are filled with air. The supraclavicular hollows can be seen 

 distinctly emptying as the head goes down, and filling out again as the head is raised. 

 The cry of the chick, which is noted elsewhere, is a more definite utterance of four 

 notes emitted in the same way, and bearing a faint resemblance, according to our 

 worthy bluejackets, to the words, " Gimme some more, gimme some more," which it at 

 any rate always implied exactly, even if the resemblance was somewhat vague. 



The bird occurs probably throughout the whole of the Antarctic regions within the 

 limits of the ice, or more exactly, as laid down by Mr. Howard Saunders in the " Antarctic 

 Manual," it "ranges longitudinally from 151 E. in Victoria Quadrant, through Eoss 

 Quadrant, to about 50 W. in Weddell Quadrant." Its range to the north has been 

 somewhat extended lately by the Scottish Expedition, some of whose members saw an 

 immature example of the bird in 60 44' S. lat., where the ' Scotia' wintered in the 

 South Orkney Islands. The limit of its range to the south coincides with the open 

 water of summer, and this in Ross Sea is about 78 S. lat. 



The occurrences of the adult bird in the area we ourselves explored are given 

 incidentally throughout the course of this paper, but concerning the immature 

 birds, five or six months old, it is noteworthy that of the ten Emperor Penguins 

 sighted in the pack ice between January 2nd, 1902, and January 8th, 1902, all that 

 were near enough to be distinguished were in that stage of immaturity, and five of 



