SUMMARY. STEPPES AND DESERTS. XXI 



Chief causes of the very unequal distribution of heat in the European 

 and American continents. Direction and inflection of the isothermal 

 lines (equal mean-heat of the year, in winter and summer) pp. 96-105. 



Is there reason to believe that America emerged later from the 

 'chaotic covering of waters? pp. 1 05-1 07. Thermal comparison between 

 the northern and southern hemispheres in high latitudes pp. 107-109. 

 Apparent connexion between the sand-seas of Africa, Persia, Kerman, 

 Beloochistan, and Central Asia. On the western portion of the Atlas, 

 and the connection of purely mythical ideas, with geographical legends. 

 Indefinite allusions to fiery eruptions. Triton Lake. Crater forms, 

 south of Hanno's "Bay of the Gorilla Apes." Singular description 

 of the Hollow Atlas, from the Dialexes of Maximus Tyrius pp. 110-11. 



Explanations of the Mountains of the Moon (Djebel-al-Komr) in the 

 interior of Africa, according to Eeinaud, Beke, and Ayrton. Werne's 

 instructive report of the second expedition, which was undertaken by 

 command of Mehemet Ali. The Abyssinian high mountain chain, 

 which, according to Eiippell, attains nearly the height of Mont Blanc. 

 The earliest account of the snow between the tropics is contained in the 

 inscription of Adulis, which is of a somewhat later date than Juba. 

 Lofty mountains, which between 6 and 4, and even more southerly, 

 approach the Bahr-el-Abiad. A considerable rise of ground separates 

 the "White Nile from the basin of the Goschop. Line of separation 

 between the waters which flow towards the Mediterranean and Indian 

 seas, according to Carl Zimmermann's map. Lupata chain, according 

 to the instructive researches of Wilhelm Peters pp. 114-120. 



Oceanic currents. In the northern part of the Atlantic the waters 

 are agitated in a true rotatory movement. That the first impulse to the 

 Gulf-stream is to be looked for at the southern apetc of Africa, was a fact 

 already known to Sir Humphry Gilbert in 1560. Influence of the Gulf- 

 stream on the climate of Scandinavia. How it contributed to the 

 discovery of America. Instances of Esquimaux, who, favoured by 

 north-west winds, have been carried, through the returning easterly 

 inclined portion of the warm gulf-stream, to the European coasts. In- 

 formation of Cornelius ISTepos and Pomponius Mela respecting Indians, 

 whom a King of the Boii sent as a present to the Gallic Proconsul 

 Quintus Metellus Celer ; and again of others in the times of the Othos, 

 Frederick Barbarossa, Columbus, and Cardinal Bembo. Again, in 

 the years 1682 and 1684, natives of Greenland appeared at the Orkney 

 Islands pp. 120-125. 



Effects of lichens and other cryptogamia in the frigid and tempe- 

 rate zones, in promoting the growth of the larger phanerogamia. In 

 the tropics the preparatory ground-lichens often find substitutes in the 

 oleaginous plants. Lactiferous animals of the New Continent; the 

 Llama, Alpaca, and Guanaco pp. 125-128. Culture of farinaceous 

 grasses pp. 128-131. On the earliest population of America pp. 

 131-134. 



The coast-tribe the Guaranes (Warraus), and the littoral palm Mau- 

 ritia, according to Bembo, Raleigh, Hillhouse, Robert and Richard 

 Schomburgk pp. 134-136. 



