PROPERTIES AND APPLICATIONS OF n-/>-« TRANSISTORS 



533 



Note from the upper set of curves that Ve is positive in the operating range. 

 This means that the collector must be biased positive with respect to the 



35 



30 



25 



20 



10 





 0.15 



0.10 



0.05 



-0.05 



-0.10 



■0.15 



■0.20 



Ie = 

 MA. 



-0.5 



-1.5 



-2.0 



-3.01 



-3.51 



-4.0f 



"i 



-5.0/ 



0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 



Ic IN MILLIAMPERES 



Fig. 4 — Static characteristics of an n-p-n transistor. 



5.0 



base. For this particular transistor a bias voltage anywhere between about 

 0.1 volts and 35 volts is suitable. Note also that all the curves on this plot 

 correspond to negative emitter currents. This means that the emitter must 



