156 BOTANY OF CROP PLANTS 



drier climates than wheat, and will thrive on poorer soils 

 and more sandy soils than any of the other cereals. 



Uses of Rye. — Rye flour is made into bread. A few break- 

 fast foods include rye as a minor component. Mixed with 

 barley, or corn, or shorts, or oats, rye grain is fed to stock. 

 In some sections it is grown for hay, or as a pasture crop, and 

 now and then as green manure. The straw finds consider- 

 able use as a stable bedding, as a packing material for nursery 

 stock, as a stuffing for horse collars, and it is also used inthe 

 manufacture of paper, strawboard, hats, and other coarse 

 straw articles. 



Production of Rye. — Russia produced 861,097,000 bushels 

 of rye in 1915; Germany ranked second, with 470,000,000 

 bushels, Austria-Hungary third, with 154,075,000 bushels, 

 and the United States fourth, with 49,190,000 bushels. 

 The five leading States in the order of their production for 

 the year 191 5 are Wisconsin, Michigan, Minnesota, Pennsyl- 

 vania, and Nebraska. 



References 



Batalin, a.: Das Perennieren des Roggens. Acta. Horti. Petropolitani, 



11:299-303, 1890. Also Verhandl. Bot. Ver. Brand., 32:29-32, 1891. 

 RiMPAU, W.: Die Selbst Sterilitat des Roggens. Landw. Jahrb., 6, 1877. 

 ScHULZ, August.: Die Geschichte des Roggens. Jahresbericht des West- 



falischen Provinzial-Vereins fiir Wissenschaft und Kunst (zu Miinster) 



fiir 1910-1911, 39:153-163, 1911. 

 Beitrage zur Kenntnis der kultivierten Getreide und ihrer Geschichte, I. 



Die Abstammung des Roggens. Zeitschr. Naturw., 84:339-347, 1913. 

 TscHERMAK, E.: tjber kunstliche Auslosung des Bliihen beim Roggen. 



Ber. Deut. Bot. Gesell., 22:445-449, 1904. 

 Das BlUhen des Roggens (Secale cereale). Ostrk. Landw. Wchnbl., 



1906, p. 163. 

 Die Bluh- und Fruchtbarkeitverhaltnisse bei Roggen und Gerste und das 



Auftreten von Mutterhorn. Fuhlings Landw. Ztg., 55:194-199, 1906. 

 Ulrich, C: Die Bestaubung und Befruchtung des Roggens. Inaug. Diss., 



Jena, 1902. 

 WiTTMACK, L.: tJber die Stammpflanze des gemeinen Roggens, Secale 



cereale. Verhandl. Bot. Ver. Brand., 32:32-34, 1890. 



