552 THE LIVING ANIMALS OF THE WORLD 



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these limbs take the form of flattened paddles, and in no 

 instance are more than two of the toes provided with claws. 

 The TORTOISES are sub-divided by zoologists into 

 some six or eight subordinate groups or families, for 

 the most part distinguished by the respective modifi- 

 cations of their protective shells. This shell in all 

 tortoises and turtles consists of two essential elements 

 the upper or back casing, known as the " carapace," 

 and the under one, or so-called " plastron," which 

 covers the ventral surface. In some forms these two 

 elements are completely welded into one another, forming 

 a continuous box-like shell ; in others they are more or 

 less separate ; while in yet another series the lower 

 shell is rudimentary. These distinctions have been 

 found to constitute a convenient basis for classification. 



In the TRUE LAND-TORTOISES, which invite first 

 attention, the upper and lower shells are completely 

 united in a box-like form, and the neck, bent in the 

 form of the letter S, can be completely retracted within 

 it. The limbs are club-shaped, covered with horny 

 scales or tubercles, and adapted for walking, the toes 

 being unwebbed, and provided with strong claw-like nails. 

 Pre-eminent among this typical terrestrial series 

 come the huge GlANT or ELEPHANT-TORTOISES, formerly 

 abundant, as their fossil remains indicate, in Southern 

 Europe, India, and North and South America, and now 

 represented only in the isolated oceanic islands of Aldabra, 

 off Madagascar, the Seychelles, and the Galapagos groups. 

 Even within historic times they were very abundant in 

 the islands of Mauritius and Rodrigues; but their huge size and lethargic habits, combined 

 with their esculent qualities, have brought about their extermination. Those remaining in 

 the islands mentioned are now so reduced in numbers that there is a possibility of their 

 becoming extinct at an early date, and this notwithstanding the strenuous endeavours that 

 are being made to save them. A large percentage of 

 the small residue of these giant Chelonians have been 

 transported from their island homes and presented to the 

 London Zoological Gardens, where they are now comfortably 

 housed. 



An instructive idea of the aspect and relative dimen- 

 sions of these giant tortoises may be obtained by a refer- 

 ence to page vii of the First Volume, in which one of 

 these Chelonians is shown to be equal in size and strength 

 to carrying a human rider. It is recorded that these 

 reptiles were so abundant in the island of Rodrigues in 

 1691 that one might count as many as 3,000 of them in 

 a single flock, and walk for over 100 paces upon their 

 backs. All of these giant tortoises, as obtained from 

 separate island groups, or islets of the groups, exhibit 

 characteristic differences, indicating the length of time EUROPEAN TORTOISE 



they have been separated from one another. The A tortoise' > shell, or carapace, constitutes a fart- 



age to which these giant tortoises attain is altogether '"' *"." w . h ' """. "" a . n>mal '"" " tir ^ ** 



draw for tne/ter in tncltmtnt Watner t or when 



phenomenal. One example at Port Louis, Mauritius, attacked by tncmici 



ASIATIC TORTOISES 



A tortoise, like a turtle, turned over on its back, 

 represents one of the most helpless of living animals 



