728 THE LIVING ANIMALS OF THE WORLD 



The FROG-HOPPERS and their allies differ from the Bugs in the fore wings being uniform 

 in texture throughout, and not membranous, with the tips transparent. Sometimes the fore 

 wings are of a more or less horny texture, but they are frequently as transparent as the 

 hind wings. All the species are plant-feeding insects. 



The first family, the CICADAS, includes a number of large or moderate-sized species, in 

 which the males are provided with a large, drum-like apparatus on the abdomen, and some of 

 which make the loud noise for which they have long been celebrated. There is only one 

 comparatively small species in England, which is rare, and almost confined to the New Forest. 

 It is black, with transparent wings, about i| inch in expanse, and has red transverse lines 

 on the abdomen. The largest Indian species, however, sometimes expands 8 inches. Cicadas 

 have broad heads, broad short bodies, ending rather abruptly in a point, and their larvae live 

 in the ground, where they are sometimes injurious to the roots of trees. The wings are 



Fh,ti kj ?. Edwardi] 



INDIAN CANDLE-FLY 



Erroneously stated to be luminout 



usually, but not always, transparent a very common Indian and Chinese species, about 

 3 inches in expanse, being black, with large yellow rpots on the fore wings. In North 

 America and Australia cicadas are often miscalled Locusts. 



4 The LANTERN-FLIES, or CANDLE-FLIES, which form the next family, derive their name from 

 having been stated to be luminous, a statement which is now considered very doubtful. 

 They are insects of considerable size and bright colours, occasionally resembling butterflies 

 and moths ; the largest species, the LANTERN-FLY of South America, sometimes measures as 

 much as 5 inches across the wings, which are of a pale yellowish or greenish tint, with a large 

 round spot on the hind wings, formed of black rings or crescents, and enclosing one or two 

 large white spots. On the head is an immense hollow, blunt protuberance, marked with one 

 or two longitudinal red lines. In some species there is a curved horn in front of the head; 

 in some the horn forms a short cross ; in others it ends in a red knob ; while others are 

 destitute of such an appendage. The hind wings are often brightly coloured, red or yellow 

 usually predominating. 



