BOKHARA 



221 



fortress, Geok-Tepe, when 20,000 people were slaughtered, and the "White Czar' 5 has since 

 repressed slave-dealing. They are a brave, hardy race, naturally averse to restraint, preferring 

 a free life on the steppe to the routine and method of a city.* 



BOKHARA. 



Ix Bokhara we find TJsbegs, of Turki stock, and Tajiks, who represent the original Iranian 

 element, differing in many respects from the Persians. Bokhara, though nominally independent, 

 is so completely dominated by Russia as to be practically part of her empire. Few states of 

 its small size contain a population so heterogeneous; for besides the Usbegs and Tajiks there 

 are Arabs, Persians, Turkomans, and Jews. The population has been conjecturally estimated at 

 about 1,000,000. Most of the TJsbegs in Bokhara are engaged in agriculture and inhabit 

 towns, but a few are still wandering nomads. Their manner is bold and straightforward. They 

 associate with Tajiks, but as yet no real friendliness exists between the tribes, although 



* The author is again indebted to Mr. E. Delmar Morgan, F.R.G.S., for his kindness in allowing him to reproduce 

 here some of the excellent photographs taken for him during his travels in Eastern Turkestan. The originals are in the 

 possession of the Royal Geographical Society, the Council of which also kindly gave their permission. 



TURKOMAN WOMEN. 



